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1 Anderson model
Макаров: андерсоновская модель -
2 Anderson model
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3 Schockley-Anderson model
фпп модель Шокли - АндерсонаEnglish-russian dictionary of physics > Schockley-Anderson model
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4 Anderson and Gill
Abbreviation: (Reliability Model) AG -
5 Anderson and Gill (Reliability Model)
Abbreviation: AGУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > Anderson and Gill (Reliability Model)
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6 андерсоновская модель
Русско-английский физический словарь > андерсоновская модель
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7 андерсоновская модель
Makarov: Anderson modelУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > андерсоновская модель
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8 модель Шокли - Андерсона
фпп Schockley-Anderson modelРусско-английский физический словарь > модель Шокли - Андерсона
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9 CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. The Oxford Book of Portuguese Verse: XIIth Century-XXth Century. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1925, 1952 (2nd edition, B. Vi-digal, ed.).■. Portuguese Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1922, 1970 (2nd edition, B. Vidigal, ed.).■ Bleiberg, German, Maureen Ihrie, and Janet Pérez, eds. Dictionary of the Literature of the Iberian Peninsula, 2 vols. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1993.■ Castro, Francisco Lyon de, ed. História da literatura portuguesa, 7 vols. Lisbon: Alfa, 2001-02.■ Cidade, Hernani. Lições de Cultura e Literatura Portuguesa, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■ Cook, Manuela. Portuguese: A Complete Course for Beginners. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1996. Figueiredo, Fidelino. História literária de Portugal. Coimbra, 1944. Gentile, Georges Le. La Littérature Portugaise. Rev. ed. Paris, 1951. Kunoff, Hugo. Portuguese Literature from Its Origins to 1990: A Bibliography Based on the Collections at Indiana University. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1994.■ Longland, Jean. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry. A Bilingual Selection. Irvington-on-Hudson: Harvey House, 1966. Prado Coelho, Jacinto do. Dicionário das Literaturas Portuguesas, Galega e Brasileira, 3rd ed. Oporto, 1978. Rossi, Giuseppe C. Storia della letteratura portoghesa. Florence, 1953.■ Santos, João Camilo dos. "Portuguese Contemporary Literature." In Antônio Costa Pinto, ed., Modern Portugal, 218-42. Palo Alto, Calif.: SPOSS, 1998.■ Saraiva, Antônio José. História da cultura em Portugal, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1950-60.■. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990 ed.■, and Oscar Lopes. História da Literatura Portuguesa. Oporto and Coimbra, 1992 ed.■ Seguier, Jaime de, ed. Dicionário Prático Ilustrado. Oporto: Lello, 1961 and later eds.■ Simões, João Gaspar. História da poesia portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1955-56 and later eds.■. História da poesia portuguesa do século XX. Lisbon, 1959 and later eds.■ Stern, Irwin, ed.-in-chief. Dictionary of Brazilian Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1988.■ TRAVEL AND TOURIST GUIDES ON PORTUGAL■ Ballard, Sam, and Jane Ballard. Pousadas of Portugal: Unique Lodgings in State-owned Castles, Palaces, Mansions and Hotels. Boston: Harvard Common, 1986.■ Bridge, Ann, and Susan Lowndes Marques. The Selective Traveller in Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1968.■ Ellingham, Mark, et al. Portugal: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides, 2008 ed.■ Hogg, Anthony. Travellers' Portugal. London: Solo Mio, 1983.■ Kite, Cynthia, and Ralph Kite. Portuguese Country Inns & Pousadas. New York: Warner Books; Karen Brown's Country Inn Series, 1988.■ Lowndes, Susan, ed. Fodor's Portugal 1991. New York: Fodor's, 1990.■ Proença Raúl, and Sant'anna Dionísio, eds. Guía De Portugal. I. Generalidades. Lisboa E, Arredores. Lisbon: Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1924; 1983.■ Robertson, Ian. Portugal: Blue Guide. London: Benn; New York: Norton, 2000 and later eds.■ Stoop, Anne de. Living in Portugal. Paris and New York: Flammarion, 1995. Wright, David, and Patrick Swift. Minho and North Portugal: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1968.■. Lisbon: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1971.■. Algarve: A Portrait and Guide. New York: Scribners, 1973.■ HISTORY OF PORTUGAL Ancient and Medieval (2000 BCE-1415 CE)■ Alarção, Jorge de. Roman Portugal. Volume I: Introduction. Warminster, U.K., 1988.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História de Portugal. Vol. I. Coimbra, 1922. Arnaut, Salvador Dias. A Crise Nacional dos fins do século XVI. Vol. 1. Coimbra, 1960.■ Baião, Antônio, Hernani Cidade, and Manuel Múrias, eds. História de Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1937-40. Caetano, Marcello. Lições de História do Direito Português. Coimbra, 1962. Cortesão, Jaime. Os Factores Democráticos no Formação de Portugal. Lisbon, 1960.■ David, Pierre. Etudes Historiques sur la Galice et le Portugal du VI au XII siécle. Paris, 1947.■ Dias, Eduardo Mayone. Portugal's Secret Jews: The End of an Era. Rumford, R.I.: Peregrinação Publications, 1999. Diffie, Bailey W. Prelude to Empire: Portugal Overseas before Henry the Navigator. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1960. Dutra, Francis A. "Portugal: To 1279." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 35-48. New York: Scribners, 1987.■. "Portugal: 1279-1481." Dictionary of the Middle Ages. Vol. X: 48-56. New York: Scribners, 1987. Gama Barros, Henrique de. História de Administração Pública em Portugal nos séculos XII à XV, 11 vols. Lisbon, 1945-51. Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. A Economia dos Descobrimentos Henriquinos. Lisbon, 1962.■ Gonzaga de Azevedo, Luís. História de Portugal, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1939-44.■ Herculano, Alexandre. História de Portugal, 8 vols., 9th ed. Lisbon, 1940.■ Kennedy, Hugh. Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Anda-lus. London: Longman, 1996.■ Lencastre e Tavora, Luía Gonzaga. O Estudo da Sigilografia Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990.■ Livermore, H. V. The Origins of Spain and Portugal. London: Allen & Unwin, 1971.■ Lopes, David. "Os Árabes nas obras de Alexandre Herculano." Boletim da Segunda Classe. Lisbon: Academia Real das Sciéncias, III (1909-10). MacKendrick, Paul. The Iberian Stones Speak. New York: Funk & Wagnalls, 1969.■ Martinez, Pedro Soares. História Diplomática De Portugal [chapter I, 114315]. Lisbon, 1986.■ Mattoso, José, ed. A Nobreza Medieval Portuguesa: A Família e o Poder. Lisbon: Estampa, 1981.■. Religião e cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon: Imprensa Nacional, 1982.■. Identificaçao de um país ( ensaio sobre as orígens de Portugal), 2 vols. Lisbon: Estampa, 1985.■. Novos Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1988.■. Historia de Portugal. Vol. 2: A Monarquia Feudal ( 1096-1480). Lisbon: Estampa, 1993.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. Hansa e Portugal na Idade Média. Lisbon, 1959.■. Introduçao à História da Agricultura em Portugal. Lisbon, 1968.■. Daily Life in Portugal in the Middle Ages. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1971.■. Ensaios de História Medieval Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1980.■. "Introduçao à História da Cidade Medieval Portuguesa." Bracara Augusta XXV, 92-93 (January-December 1981): 367-87.■. Guía do Estudante de História Medieval Portuguesa, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1985.■. Portugal Na Crise Dos Séculos XIV e XV-Vol. IV of Serrão and Oliveira Marques, Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon, 1987.■ Peres, Damião de, ed. História de Portugal. Vols. I, II. Barcelos, 1928-29.■ Rau, Virginia. Subsídios para o estudo das Feiras Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1943.■. Sesma'rias Medievais Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1946.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. "Portugal, formação de." Dicionário da História de Portugal. Vol. III, 432-51. Lisbon, 1966.■ Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.■ Russell, P. E. The English Intervention in Spain and Portugal in the Time of Edward III and Richard II. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1955.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1968.■ Silva, Armando Coelho Ferreira. A Cultura Castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Pacos de Ferreira, 1986.■ Varagnac, André. O Homem antes da Escrita ( Pre-história). Lisbon, 1963.■ Azevedo, J. Lúcio de. História de António de Vieira, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1918-20.■. Épocas de Portugal Económico. Lisbon, 1929.■ Borges de Macedo, Jorge. Problemas de História de Indústria Portuguesa no Século X VIII. Lisbon, 1963.■. "Pombal." Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. III, 415-23. Lisbon, 1968.■ Bovill, Edward W. The Battle of the Alcazar: An Account of the Defeat of Dom Sebastian at El-Ksar el-Kebir. London, 1952.■ Boxer, C. R. Four Centuries of Portuguese Expansion, 1415-1825: A Succinct Survey. Johannesburg, South Africa: Witwaterstrand University Press, 1961.■. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■. João de Barros: Portuguese Humanist and Historian of Asia. New Delhi, India: Xavier Centre, 1981.■ Cheke, Marcus. Dictator of Portugal: A Life of the Marquis of Pombal, 16991782. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1938.■ Cunha, Luís da. Testamento Político. Lisbon, 1820.■ Davidson, Lillias C. Catherine of Bragança. London: John Murray, 1908.■ Dutra, Francis A. "Membership in the Order of Christ in the Seventeenth Century." The Americas 27 (1970): 3-25.■ Eberlein, H. D., and R. W. Ramsdell. The Practical Book of Italian, Spanish and Portuguese Furniture. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1927.■ Ericeira, Luís de Meneses [Count of]. História de Portugal Restaurado, 4 vols. Oporto, 1945.■ Fisher, H. E. S. "Anglo-Portuguese Trade, 1700-70." Economic History Review XVI, 2 (1963): 219-33.■ Francis, A. D. The Methuens and Portugal: 1691-1708. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966.■ Hanson, Carl A. Economy and Society in Baroque Portugal, 1668-1703. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1981.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. New York: AMS Press, 1968 reprint.■ Kendrick, T. D. The Lisbon Earthquake. London: Methuen, 1956.■ Livermore, H. V. "The Privileges of an Englishman in the Kingdom and Dominions of Portugal." Atlante 11 (1954): 57-77.■ Macauley, Neil. Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1986.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. London: Carcanet, 1990.■ Magalhães Godinho, Vitorino. Prix et Monnaies au Portugal. Paris, 1955.■. "Portugal and Her Empire." In New Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Vol. V (1961): 384-97; Vol. VI (1961): 509-10.■. A Economia dos descobrimentos henri-quinos. Lisbon, 1962.■. Estructura da Antiga Sociedade Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Mauro, Frédéric. Le Portugal et l'Atlantique au XVII siécle ( 1570-1670). Paris: SEVPEN, 1960.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Pombal and the Nationalization of the Luso-Brazilian Economy." Hispanic American Historical Review XLVIII (November 1968): 608-31.■. Conflicts and Conspiracies: Brazil and Portugal, 1750-1808. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.■ Norris, A. H., and R. W. Bremner. The Lines of Torres Vedras. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal, 1980.■ Oliveira, Antônio de. A Vida Económica e Social de Coimbra de 1537 à 1640, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1971-72.■ Prestage, Edgar. The Royal Power and the Cortes in Portugal. Watford, U.K.: Voss & Michael, 1927.■. Portuguese Pioneers. London: Black, 1933.■. "The Mode of Government in Portugal during the Restoration [1640-68] Period." In Edgar Prestage, ed., Melange d'Etudes Portugaises Offerts a M. Georges Le Gentil, 265-70. Lisbon, 1949.■ Rabassa, Gregory. "Padre Antônio Vieira: Portugal's Amazing Polymath." Camões Centre Quarterly 2, 3-4 (Autumn and Winter 1990): 27-32. Rau, Virginia. D. Catarina de Bragança: Rainha de Inglaterra. Lisbon, 1944. Ricard, Robert. "Prophecy and Messianism in the Works of Antônio Vieira." The Americas 37 (1960): 357-88.■ Roche, T. W. E. Philippa: Dona Filipa of Portugal. London: Phillimore, 1971.■ Rogers, Francis M. The Travels of the Infante Dom Pedro of Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1961.■ Rooney, Peter T. "Hapsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal, 1580-1640." Journal of European Economic History 23, 3 (1994): 545-62.■ Roth, Cecil. "The Religion of the Marranos." Jewish Quarterly Review 22 (1931): 1-33.■. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Saraiva, Antônio José. Inquisição e Cristãos-Novos. Oporto, 1969.■. A Inquisição Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1969 and later eds.■ Schneider, Susan. O Marquês De Pombal E O Vinho Do Porto: Dependência e subdesenvolvimento em Portugal no século XVIII. Lisbon, 1980.■ Shaw, L. M. E. Trade, Inquisition and the English Nation in Portugal, 16401690. London: Carcancet, 1989.■ Shillington, V. M., and A. B. W. Chapman. The Commercial Relations of England and Portugal. London: Routledge, 1907.■ Sideri, Sandro. Trade and Power: Informal Colonialism in Anglo-Portuguese Relations. Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press, 1970.■ Smith, John Athelstone [Conde de Carnota]. Marquis of Pombal, 2nd ed. London, 1872.■ Thomas, Gerturde Z. Richer Than Spices. New York: Knopf, 1965. Walford, A. R. The British Factory in Lisbon. Lisbon, 1940.■ Baptista, Jacinto. O Cinco de Outubro. Lisbon, 1965. Brandão, Raúl. Memórias, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1969 ed.■ Cabral, Manuel Villaverde. O desenvolvimento do capitalismo em Portugal no século XIX. Lisbon, 1981. Caetano, Marcello. História Breve das Constituções portuguesas. Lisbon, 1971 ed.■ Carnota, Conde da. Memoirs of Marshal, the Duke of Saldanha, with Selections from His Correspondence, 2 vols. London: John Murray, 1880. Carvalho, Joaquim de. Estudos sobre a cultura portuguesa do século XIX. Coimbra, 1955.■ Cheke, Marcus. Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1947.■ França, José-Augusto. Zé Provinho na Obra de Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro. Lisbon, 1975.■ Fuschini, Augusto. Liquidações políticas. Lisbon, 1896.■ Godinho, Vitorino Magalhães. Estrutura da Antiga Sociedade Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975 ed.■ Hammond, Richard J. Portugal and Africa, 1815-1910: A Study in Uneconomic Imperialism. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1966.■ Homem, Amadeu Carvalho. A Propaganda Republicana ( 1870-1910). Coimbra, 1990.■ Livermore, H. V. Portugal: A Short History. Edinburgh, U.K.: Edinburgh University Press, 1973. Machado, Alvaro Manuel. A Geração de 70-uma revolução cultural e literária. Lisbon, 1986 ed.■ Martins, Joaquim Pedro de Oliveira. Portugal Contemporâneo, 3 vols. Lisbon, 1953 ed.■ Medina, João. Eça Político. Lisbon, 1974.■ Mônica, Maria Filomena. Fontes Pereira de Melo. Oporto: Ed. Afrontamento, 1999.■ Nobre, Eduardo. Paixoes Reais. Lisbon: Quimera, 2002.■ Pereira, Miriam Halpern. Livre Câmbio e Desenvolvimento Económico: Portugal na segunda metade do século XIX. Lisbon, 1971.■ Peres, Damião, ed. História de Portugal. Volume III. Barcelos, 1935 ed.■ Ramos, Rui. D.Carlos. 1863-1908. Lisbon: Circulo de Leitores, 2006.■. Liberal Reformism in Portugal. Oliveira Martins, the Movement for New Life and the Politics of the Constitutional Monarchy ( 1885-1908). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.■ Rorick, David. Maria da Fonte: History and Myth. M.A. thesis, History Department, Sonoma State University, Sonoma, Calif., 1984.■ Sá, Vítor de. Perspectivas do Século XIX. Lisbon, 1964.■ Serrão, Joel. Sampaio Bruno: O homem e o pensamento. Lisbon, 1958.■. Temas Oitocentistas, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1959-62.■. "Liberalismo." In Joel Serrão, ed., Dicionário de História de Portugal. Vol. II, 732-41. Lisbon, 1965.■. Do Sebastianismo ao Socialismo. 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Portugal ( cinco anos de republica). Madrid, 1915.■ Machado, Bernardino. Depois de 21 de Maio. Lisbon, 1922.■ Machado Santos, Antônio. 1907-1910: A revolução portugueza. Relatôrio.■ Lisbon, 1911. Madureira, Arnaldo. 0 28 De Maio. Lisbon, 1982.■ Magno, David. Livro da Guerra de Portugal na Flandres. Oporto, 1920.■. A Situação Portuguesa. Oporto, 1926.■ Marques Guedes, Armando. Cinco Meses no governo. Oporto, 1926.■ Martins, Rocha. Memórias sobre Sidónio Pais. Lisbon, 1921.■ Medeiros, Fernando. Nas Orígens Do A Sociedade E A Economia Portuguesas Salazarismo. Lisbon, 1978. Medina, João. "Oh! a República!...," Estudos sobre o Republicanismo e a Primeira República Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1990.■, ed. História Contemporânea De Portugal: Primeira República, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1986.■ Mônica, Maria Filomena. "Uma Aristocracia Operária: Os Chapeleiros (18701913)." Análise Social 60, 2nd series (1979). Montalvor, Luís de, ed. História de Regimen Republicano em Portugal, 2 vols. 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The Social Origins of Democratic Collapse: The First Portuguese Republic in the Global Economy. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1989.■ Serrão, Joel. Liberalismo, socialismo e republicanismo. Lisbon, 1979.■ Silva, Antônio Maria da. O Meu Depoimento, 2 vols. Mem Martins, 1978-82.■ Teixeira, Nuno Severiano. O Poder e a guerra, 1914-1918. Lisbon: Estampa, 1996.■, and Antônio Costa Pinto, eds. A Primeira República Portuguesa: Entre O Liberalismo E O Autoritarismo. Lisbon: Ed. Colibri, 2000.■ Telo, Antônio José. Decadência E Queda Da I República Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1980-84.■ Torre (Gomez), Hipôlito dela, and J. Sanchez Cervello. Portugal En El Siglo XX. Madrid: Ediciones Istmo: Colecciôn La Historia en sus textos, 1992.■ Valente, Vasco Pulido. "A República e as classes trabalhadores (Outubro 1910-Agosto 1911)." Análise Social IX, 31 (1972): 293-316.■. O Poder e o Povo: A Revolução de 1910. Lisbon, 1974.■ Veríssimo Serrao, Joaquim. História De Portugal. Volume XI: A Primeira República ( 1910-1926): História Política, Religiosa, Militar e Ultramarina. Lisbon, 1989.■. História De Portugal Volume XII: História Diplomática, Social, Económica e Cultural. Lisbon, 1990.■ Vincent-Smith, John. "Britain and Portugal, 1910-1916." Ph.D. dissertation, History, University of London, 1971.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "The Portuguese Revolution of 1910." Journal of Modern History 44 (June 1972): 172-94.■. Republican Portugal: A Political History, 1910-1926. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1978.■. "Nightmare Republic: Portugal, 1910-1926." History Today (London) 32 (September 1981): 5-10.■ Young, George. Portugal Old and Young: An Historical Study. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1917.■ Afonso, Rui. Injustiça: O Caso Sousa Mendes. Lisbon: Caminho, 1990.■ Antunes, José Freire. Os Americanos E Portugal. Vol. 1. Os anos de Ricard Nixon, 1969-1974. Lisbon, 1986.■. Os Americanos e Portugal. 1961. Kennedy e Salazar: O Leão e a Raposa. Lisbon, 1991.■. 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Lisbon, 1979.■. "Notas para uma caracterização política do salazarismo." In Gabinete de Investigações Sociais. Análise Social: A Formação de Portugal Contemporâneo: 1900-1980. Vol. I, 72-74 (April-December 1981): 773-94.■. "O Integralismo nas origens do Salazarismo." Análise Social XVIII (1982): 1409-19.■. "A Oposição Eleitoral ao Salazarismo." Revista de História das Ideias V (1983).■. Monárquicos e Republicanos no Estado Novo. Lisbon, 1986.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Sobre o fascismo e o seu avento em Portugal." Análise Social XII, 48 (1976), 873-915.■ Caetano, Marcello. A Missão Dos Dirigentes. Lisbon, 1966, 4th ed.■. Depoimento. São Paulo, 1974.■. História Breve das Constituições Portugueses. Lisbon, 1974.■. As Minhas Memórias de Salazar. Lisbon, 1977.■ Campinos, Jorge. A Ditadura Militar, 1926-1933. Lisbon, 1975. Carrilho, Maria. Forças Armadas e Mudança Política em Portugal no Século XX. Lisbon, 1985.■, et al. Portugal na Segunda Guerra Mundial Contributos para uma reavaliação. 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A Situação Social em Portugal, 1960-1996. Lisbon: Instituto de Ciências Sociais, 1996.■ Bermeo, Nancy Gina. "Worker Management in Industry: Reconciling Representative Government and Industrial Democracy in a Polarized Society." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 181-98. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. The Revolution within the Revolution: Workers' Control in Rural Portugal. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1986.■ Braeckman, Colette. Portugal: Revolution surveilée. Brussels: Rossei, 1975.■ Braga da Cruz, Manuel. "O Presidente da República na génese e evolução do sistema de governor portugües." Análise social XXIX, 125-26 (1994): 237-65.■, coord. "Portugal Político 25 Anos Depois." Análise Social XXXV, 154/155 (Summer 2000): 1-404. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Popular Support for Democracy in Post-revolutionary Portugal: Results from a Survey." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 21-42. 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Ramos Silva, eds., Portugal: An Atlantic Paradox, 9-11. Lisbon, 1990. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino. As Eleições De 25 De Abril: Geografia E Imagem Dos Partidos. Lisbon, 1976.■. "10 Anos de Democracia: Reflexos na geografia política." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opelio, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal 1974-1984/ Conflitos e Mudanças em Portugal, 1974-1984, 135-55. Lisbon, 1985.■, et al. As Eleições para assembleia da república, 1979-1983: Estudos de geografia eleitoral. Lisbon, 1984. Gaspar, Jorge, and Nuno Vitorino, eds. Portugal em mapas e em números. Lisbon, 1981.■ Giaccone, Fausto. Una Storia Portoghese/ Uma História Portuguesa. Palermo: Randazzo Focus, 1987.■ Gladdish, Ken. "Portugal: An Open Verdict." In Geoffrey Pridham, ed. Securing Democracy: Political Parties and Democratic Consolidation in Southern Europe, 104-25. London and New York: Routledge, 1990.■ Graham, Lawrence S. The Decline and Collapse of an Authoritarian Order. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1975.■, and Harry M. Makler, eds. Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■, and Douglas L. Wheeler, eds. In Search of Modern Portugal: The Revolution and Its Consequences. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Grayson, George W. "Portugal and the Armed Forces Movement." Orbis XIX, 2 (Summer 1975): 335-78.■ Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. New York: International, 1976.■ Hammond, John L. Building Popular Power: Workers' and Neighborhood Movements in the Portuguese Revolution. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1988.■ Harsgor, Michael. Naissance d'un Nouveau Portugal. Paris: Ed. du Seuil, 1975.■. Portugal in Revolution. Washington, D.C.: CSIS and Sage, 1976.■ Harvey, Robert. Portugal, Birth of a Democracy. London: Macmillan, 1978.■ Herr, Richard, ed. Portugal: The Long Road to Democracy and Europe. Berkeley, Calif.: International and Area Studies, 1992.■ Insight Team of the Sunday [London] Times. Insight on Portugal: The Year of the Captains. London: Deutsch, 1975.■ Janitschek, Hans. Mario Soares: Portrait of a Hero. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1985.■ Keefe, Eugene K., et al. Area Handbook for Portugal, 1st ed. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Area Studies of American University, 1977. Kramer, Jane. "A Reporter at Large: The Portuguese Revolution." The New Yorker (Dec. 15, 1975): 92-131.■ Lauré, Jason, and Ettagal Lauré. Jovem Portugal: After the Revolution. New York: Straus, Farrar and Giroux, 1977.■ Livermore, H. V. A New History of Portugal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.■ Lourenço, Eduardo. Os Militares e O Poder. Lisbon, 1975.■. O Fascismo Nunca Existiu. Lisbon, 1976.■. "Identidade e Memôria: o caso português." In E. de Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-l 984, 17-22. Lisbon, 1985.■ Lucena, Manuel. Evolução e Instituições: A Extinção dos Grémios da Lavoura Alentejanos. Mem Martins, 1984.■. "A herança de duas revoluções." In M. Baptista Coelho, ed., Portugal: O Sistema Político e Constitucional, 1974-87, 505-55. Lisbon, 1989.■ Macedo, Jorge Braga de, and S. Serfaty. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. New York: Praeger, 1981.■ Magone, José M. European Portugal: The Difficult Road to Sustainable Democracy. New York: St. Martin's, 1997. Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution. London: Solidarity, 1977. Manta, João Abel. Cartoons/ 1969-1975. Lisbon, 1975.■ Manuel, Paul C. Uncertain Outcome: The Politics of Portugal's Transition to Democracy. Lanham, Md. and London: University Press of America, 1994.■ Mateus, Rui. Contos Proibidos. Memorias de Um PS Desconhecido, 3rd ed. Lisbon: Dom Quixote, 1996.■ Maxwell, Kenneth. "Portugal under Pressure." The New York Review of Books (May 2, 1974).■. "The Hidden Revolution in Portugal." The New York Review of Books (April 17, 1975).■. "The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution." Foreign Affairs 54, 2 (Jan. 1976): 250-70.■. "The Communists and the Portuguese Revolution." Dissent 27, 2 (Spring 1980): 194-206.■. Portugal in the 1980s: Dilemmas of Democratic Consolidation. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■. The Making of Portuguese Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.■, ed. "Portugal: Toward the Twenty-First Century." Camoes Center Quarterly 5, 3-4 (Fall 1995): 6-55.■, ed. The Press and the Rebirth of Iberian Democracy. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1983.■. Portugal Ten Years after the Revolution: Reports of Three Columbia University-Gulbenkian Workshops. New York: Research Institute on International Change, Columbia University, 1984.■ Maxwell, Kenneth, and Michael H. Haltzel, eds. Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Medeiros Ferreira, José. Ensaio Histórico sobre a revolução do 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1983.■ Medina, João, ed. Portugal De Abril: Do 25 Aos Nossos Dias. In Medina, ed., História Contemporãnea De Portugal. Lisbon, 1985. Merten, Peter. Anarchismus ünd Arbeiterkãmpf in Portugal. Hamburg: Libertare, 1981.■ Miranda, Jorge. Constituição e Democracia. Lisbon, 1976.■. A Constituição de 1976. Lisbon, 1978.■ Morrison, Rodney J. Portugal: Revolutionary Change in an Open Economy. Boston: Auburn House, 1981.■ Mujal-Leôn, Eusebio. "The PCP [Portuguese Communist Party] and the Portuguese Revolution." Problems of Communism 26 (Jan.- Feb. 1977): 21-41.■ Neves, Mário. Missão em Moscovo. Lisbon, 1986.■ Oliveira, César. M. F. A. e Revolução Socialista. Lisbon, 1975.■. Os Anos Decisivos: Portugal 1962-1985. Um testemunho. Lisbon: Presença, 1993.■ Opello, Waiter C., Jr. Portugal's Political Development: A Comparative Approach. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1985.■. Portugal: From Monarchy to Pluralist Democracy. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1991.■ Pell, Senator Claiborne H. Portugal ( Including the Azores and Spain) in Search of New Directions: Report to the Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1976.■ Pereira, J. Pacheco. "A Case of Orthodoxy: The Communist Party of Portugal." In Waller and Fenema, eds., Communist Parties in Western Europe: Adaptation or Decline? Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1988.■ Pilmott, Ben. "Socialism in Portugal: Was It a Revolution?" Government and Opposition 7 (Summer 1977).■. "Were the Soldiers Revolutionary? The Armed Forces Movement in Portugal, 1973-1976." Iberian Studies 7, 1 (1978): 13-21.■, and Jean Seaton. "Political Power and the Portuguese Media." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 43-57. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Porch, Douglas. The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution. London: Croom Helm and Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, 1977.■ Pouchin, Dominique. Portugal, quelle révolution? Paris, 1976.■ Pulido Valente, Vasco. "E Viva Otelo." In Pulido Valente, V., ed., O País das Maravilhas, 451-54. Lisbon, 1979 [anthology of articles from weekly Lisbon paper, Expresso].■. Estudos Sobre a Crise Nacional. Lisbon, 1980.■ Rebelo de Sousa, Marcelo. O Sistema de Governo Português antes e depois da Revisão Constitucional, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1981. Rêgo, Raúl. Militares, Clérigos e Paisanos. Lisbon, 1981. Robinson, Richard A. H. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, Avelino, Cesário Borga, and Mário Cardoso. O Movemento dos Capitães e o 25 de Abril. Lisbon, 1974.■. Portugal Depois De Abril. Lisbon, 1976.■ Ruas, H. B., ed. A Revolução das Flores. Lisbon, 1975.■ Rudel, Christian. La Liberte couleur d'oeillet. Paris: Fayard, 1980.■ Sa, Tiago Moreira de. Os Americanos na Revolucao Portuguesa ( 1974-1976). Lisbon: Edit. Noticias, 2004.■ Sá Carneiro, Francisco. Por Uma Social-Democracia Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Sanches Osôrio, Helena. Um Só Rosto. Uma Só Fé. Conversas Com Adelino Da Palma Carlos. Lisbon, 1988. Sanches Osôrio, J. The Betrayal of the 25th of April in Portugal. Madrid: Sedmay, 1975.■ Schmitter, Philippe C. "Liberation by Golpe: Retrospective Thoughts on the Demise of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal." Armed Forces and Society 2 (1974): 5-33.■. "An Introduction to Southern European Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Italy, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Turkey." In G. O'Donnell,■ P. C. Schmitter, and L. Whitehead, eds., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, 3-10. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.■ Silva, Fernando Dioga da. "Uma Administração Envelhecido." Revista da Ad-ministraçao Pública 2 (Oct.-Dec. 1979).■ Simões, Martinho, ed. Relatório Do 25 De Novembro: Texto Integral, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1976.■ Soares, Isabel, ed. Mário Soares: O homem e o político. Lisbon, 1976. Soares, Mário. Democratização e Descolonização: Dez meses no Governo Provisório. Lisbon, 1975. Sobel, Lester A., ed. Portuguese Revolution, 1974-1976. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1976.■ Spínola, Antônio de. Portugal e o Futuro. Lisbon, 1974.■. País Sem Rumo: Contributo para a História de uma Revolução. Lisbon, 1978.■ Story, Jonathan. "Portugal's Revolution of Carnations: Patterns of Change and Continuity." International Affairs 52 (July 1976): 417-34. Sweezey, Paul. "Class Struggles in Portugal." Monthly Review 27, 4 (Sept. 1975): 1-26.■ Szulc, Tad. "Lisbon and Washington: Behind Portugal's Revolution." Foreign Policy 21 (Winter 1975-76): 3-62. Tavares de Almeida, Antônio. Balsemão: O retrato. Lisbon, 1981. "Vasco." Desenhos Políticos. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vasconcelos, Alvaro. "Portugal in Atlantic-Mediterranean Security." In Douglas T. Stuart, ed., Politics and Security in the Southern Region of the Atlantic Alliance, 117-36. London: Macmillan, 1988.■ Wheeler, Douglas L. "Golpes militares e golpes literários. A literatura do golpe de 25 de Abril de 1974 em contexto histôrico." Penélope. Fazer E Desfazer A História, 19-20 (1998): 191-212.■. "Tributo ao Historiador dos Historiadores. Memorias de A.H.de Oliveira Marques (1933-2007)," Historia XXIX, 95, III series (March 2007), 18-22.■ Wiarda, Howard J. Transcending Corporatism? The Portuguese Corporative System and the Revolution of 1974. Columbia: Institute of International Studies, University of South Carolina, 1976.■. The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal. Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1989. Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. With a Preface by Judith Hart, MP. London: Spokesman, 1975.■ PHYSICAL FEATURES: GEOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, FAUNA, AND FLORA■ Birot, Pierre. Le Portugal: Étude de géographie régionale. Paris, 1950.■ Embleton, Clifford. Geomorphology of Europe. London: Macmillan, 1984.■ Girão, Aristides de Amorim. Divisão regional, divisão agrícola e divisão administrativa. Coimbra, 1932.■. Condições geográficos e históricas de autonomia política de Portugal. Coimbra, 1935.■. Atlas de Portugal, 2nd ed. Coimbra, 1958.■ Ribeiro, Orlando. Portugal, O Mediterrâneo e o Altântico. Coimbra, 1945 and later eds.■. Portugal. Volume V of Geografia de Espana y Portugal. Barcelona, 1955.■. Ensaios de Geografia Humana e regio nal. Lisbon, 1970.■. A geografia e a divisão regional do país. Lisbon, 1970.■ Stanislawski, Dan. The Individuality of Portugal. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1959.■. Portugal's Other Kingdom: The Algarve. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1963.■ Taylor, Albert William. Wild Flowers of Spain and Portugal. London: Chatto & Windus, 1972.■ Way, Ruth, and Margaret Simmons. A Geography of Spain and Portugal. London: Methuen, 1962.■ ARCHAEOLOGY AND PREHISTORY■ "Actas do Colóquio Inter-Universitário do Noroeste Peninsular (Porto-Baião, 1988), vol. II, Proto-História, romanização e Idade Média." In Trabalhos de antropologia e etnologia. 28, 3-4 (1988).■ Alarcão, Jorge de, ed. "Do Paleolítico va arte visigótica." Vol. 1, História da■ Arte em Portugal. Lisbon: Alfa, 1986.■. Roman Portugal, 3 vols. Warminister, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■. Portugal Das Orígens A Romanização. Vol. I. In J. Serrão and A. H. de Oliveira Marques, eds. Nova História de Portugal. Lisbon: Presença, 1990. Anderson, James M., and M. S. Lea. Portugal 1001 Sights: An Archaeological and Historical Guide. Calgary, Alberta: University of Calgary and Robert Hale, 1994.■ Balmuth, Miriam S., Antonio Gilman, and Lourdes Prados-Torreira, eds. Encounters and Transformations: The Archaeology of Iberia in Transition. Monographs in Mediterranean Archaeology, no. 7. Sheffield, U.K.: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997.■ Beirão, C. M. M. Une civilization protohistorique du Sud au Portugal ( 1er Age du Fer). Paris: D. Boccard, 1986.■ Cardoso, João Luís, Santinho A. Cunha, and Delberto Aguiar. O Homem Pre-Histórico no Concelho de Oeiras. Oeiras, Portugal: Estudos Arquelógicos de Oeiras, 1991.■ Harrison, Richard J. The Bell Beaker Cultures of Spain and Portugal. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.■ Mangas, Júlio, ed. Hispania epigraphica. Madrid, 1989.■ Maloney, Stephanie J. "The Villa of Toerre de Palma, Portugal: Archaeology and Preservation." Portuguese Studies Review VIII, 1 (Fall-Winter, 1999-2000): 14-28.■ Savory, H. N. Spain and Portugal: The Prehistory of the Iberian Peninsula. London, 1968.■ Silva, A. C. F. A cultura castreja no Noroeste de Portugal. Paços de Ferreira:■ Museu da Citânia de Sanfins, 1986. Straus, L. G. Iberia before the Iberians. Albuquerque, N.M., 1992.■ FOREIGN TRAVELERS AND RESIDENTS' ACCOUNTS■ Andersen, Hans Christian. A Visit to Portugal 1866. London: Peter Owen, 1972.■ Beckford, William. Italy, with Sketches of Spain and Portugal. Paris: Baudry's European Library, 1834.■ Boyd Alexander, ed. London: Hart-Davies, 1954.■. Recollections of an Excursion to the Monasteries of Alcoboca and Batalha. Fontwell, U.K.: Centaur Press, 1972.■ Bell, Aubrey F. G. In Portugal. London: Bodley Head, 1912.■ Borrow, George. The Bible in Spain, 2 vols. London: Constable, 1923 ed.■ Chaves, Castelo Branco. Os livros de viagens em Portugal no século XVIII e a sua projecção europeia. Lisbon, 1977.■ Costigan, Arthur William. Sketches of Society and Manners in Portugal. London: T. Vernon, 1787.■ Crawfurd, Oswald. Portugal Old and New. London: Kegan, Paul, 1880.■. Round the Calendar in Portugal. London: Chapman & Hall, 1890.■ Darymple, William. Travels through Spain and Portugal in 1774. London: J. Almon, 1777.■ Dumouriez, Charles Francois Duperrier. An Account of Portugal as It Appeared in 1766. London: C. Law, 1797.■ Fielding, Henry. Jonathan Wild and the Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon. London: J. M. Dent, 1932.■ Fullerton, Alice. To Portugal for Pleasure. London: Grafton, 1945.■ Gibbons, John. I Gathered No Moss. London: Robert Hale, 1939.■ Gordon, Jan, and Cora Gordon. Portuguese Somersault. London: Harrap, 1934.■ Hewitt, Richard. A Cottage in Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.■ Huggett, Frank. South of Lisbon: Winter Travels in Southern Portugal. London: Gollancz, 1960.■ Hume, Martin. Through Portugal. London: Richards, 1907.■ Hyland, Paul. Backwards Out of the Big World: A Voyage into Portugal. Hammersmith, U.K.: HarperCollins, 1996.■ Jackson, Catherine Charlotte, Lady. Fair Lusitania. London: Bentley, 1874.■ Kelly, Marie Node. This Delicious Land Portugal. London: Hutchinson, 1956.■ Kempner, Mary Jean. Invitation to Portugal. New York: Athenaeum, 1969.■ Kingston, William H. G. Lusitanian Sketches of the Pen and Pencil. 2 vol. London: Parker, 1845.■ Landmann, George. Historical, Military and Picturesque Observations on Portugal. 2 vol. London: Cadell and Davies, 1818.■ Latouche, John [Pseudonym of Oswald Crawfurd]. Travels in Portugal. London: Ward, Lock & Taylor, ca. 1874.■ Link, Henry Frederick. Travels in Portugal and France and Spain. London: Longman & Rees, 1801.■ Macauley, Rose. They Went to Portugal. London: Jonathan Cape, 1946.■. They Went to Portugal, Too. Manchester: Carcanet Books, 1990.■ Merle, Iris. Portuguese Panorama. London: Ouzel, 1958.■ Murphy, J. C. Travels in Portugal. London: 1795.■ Proper, Datus C. The Last Old Place: A Search through Portugal. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992.■ Quillinan, Dorothy [Wordsworth]. Journal of a Few Months in Portugal with Glimpses of the South of Spain. 2 vol. London: Moxon, 1847. Sitwell, Sacheverell. Portugal and Madeira. London: Batsford, 1954. Smith, Karine R. Until Tomorrow: Azores and Portugal. Snohomish, Wash.: Snohomish Publishing, 1978. Southey, Robert. Journals of a Residence in Portugal, 1800-1801 and a Visit to France, 1838. London and New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1912. Thomas, Gordon Kent. Lord Byron's Iberian Pilgrimage. Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1983. Twiss, Richard. Travels through Portugal and Spain in 1772-1773. London, 1775.■ Watson, Gilbert. Sunshine and Sentiment in Portugal. London: Arnold, 1904. Wheeler, Douglas L. "A[n American] Fulbrighter in Lisbon, Portugal, 196162." Portuguese Studies Review 1 (1991): 9-16.■ PORTUGUESE CARTOGRAPHY, DISCOVERIES, AND NAVIGATION■ Albuquerque, Luís de. Curso de História de Naútica. Coimbra, 1972.■. Introdução a história dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Mem Martins, 1983.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon: Alfa, 1983.■. Portuguese Books on Nautical Science from Pedro Nunes to 1650. Lisbon, 1984.■. Os Descobrimentos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1985.■ Boorstin, Daniel. The Discoverers. New York: Random House, 1983. Boxer, C. R. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415-1825. London: Hutchinson, 1969.■ Brazão, Eduardo. La découverte de Terre-Neuve. Montreal: Les Presses de l'Université, 1964.■. "Les Corte-Real et le Nouveau Monde." Revue d'histoire d'Amérique Française 19, 1 (1965): 335-49. Cortesão, Armando, and Avelino Teixeira de Mota. Cartografia Portuguesa Antiga. Lisbon, 1960.■. Portugalia Monumenta Cartográfica, 6 vols. Lisbon, 1960-62.■. História da Cartografia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Coimbra, 1969-70.■ Cortesão, Jaime. L'expansion des portugais dans l'historie de la civilisation. Brussels, 1930.■. Os descobrimentos portugueses, 2 vols. V. Magalhães Godinho and Joel Serrão, eds. Lisbon, 1960.■. A expansão dos Portugueses no período henriquinho. Lisbon, 1965.■. Descobrimentos precolombanos dos portugueses. Lisbon, 1966.■ Costa, Abel Fontoura da. A Marinharia dos Descobrimentos, 3rd ed. Lisbon, 1960.■ Costa Brochado, Idalino F. Descobrimento do Atlântico. Lisbon, 1958. English ed., 1959-60.■ Coutinho, Admiral Gago. A naútica dos descobrimentos, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1951-52.■ Crone, G. R. Maps and Their Makers. New York: Capricorn Books, 1966.■ Dias, José S. da Silva. 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Brother Luiz de Sousa [play]. Edgar Prestage, trans. London: Elkin Mathess, 1909.■. Travels in My Homeland. John M. Parker, trans. London: Peter Owen and UNESCO, 1987. Griffin, Jonathan. Camões: Some Poems Translated from the Portuguese by Jonathan Griffin. London: Menard Press, 1976. Jorge, Lídia. The Murmuring Coast. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995.■ Lisboa, Eugénio, ed. Portuguese Short Fiction. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet, 1997.■ Lopes, Fernão. The English in Portugal 1367-87: Extracts from the Chronicles of Dom Fernando and Dom João. Derek W. Lomax and R. J. Oakley, eds. and trans. Warminster, U.K.: Aris & Phillips, 1988.■ Macedo, Helder, ed. Contemporary Portuguese Poetry: An Anthology in English. Helder Macedo, et al., trans. Manchester, U.K.: Carcanet New Press, 1978.■ Martins, J. P. De Oliveira. A History of Iberian Civilization. Aubrey F. G. Bell, trans.; preface by Salvador de Madariaga. New York: Cooper Square, 1969.■ Mendes Pinto, Fernão. 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Análise Social [special number on Portuguese Women and Feminism] 22 (1986): 92-93.■ Osório, Ana de Castro. As Mulheres Portuguesas. Lisbon, 1905.■ Sadlier, Darlene J. The Question of How: Women Writers and New Portuguese Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood; Contributions in Women's Studies, no. 109, 1989.■ Silva, Manuela. The Employment of Women in Portugal. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications, European Communities, 1984. Velho da Costa, Maria. Maina Mendes. Lisbon, 1974.■ Vicente, Ana, and Maria Reynolds de Souza. Family Planning in Portugal. Lisbon, 1984.■ Almeida, Fortunato de. História da Igreja em Portugal. 6 vols. Coimbra, 1910-24, and Oporto, 1967-72. Alonso, Joaquim Maria. The Secret of Fátima: Fact and Legend. Cambridge, Mass.: Ravengate Press, 1979. Alves, José da Felicidade, ed. Católicos e política de Humberto Delgado à Marcelo Caetano. Lisbon, 1969. Araújo, Miguel de, ed. Dicionario político; 1; Os Bispos e a revoluçao de Abril. Lisbon, 1976. Bishko, Charles Julian. Spanish and Portuguese Monastic History 600-1300. London, Variorum Reprints, 1984.■ Blanshard, Paul. Freedom and Catholic Power in Spain and Portugal. Boston: Beacon Press, 1962.■ Boxer, C. R. The Church Militant and Iberian Expansion 1440-1770. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978. Bruneau, Thomas C. "Church and State in Portugal: Crises of Cross and Sword." Journal of Church and State XVIII (1976): 463-90. Freire, José Geraldes. Resistência Católico ao Salazarismo-Marcelismo. Oporto, 1976.■ Herculano, Alexandre. History of the Origin and Establishment of the Inquisition in Portugal. John C. Banner, trans. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1962.■ IPOPE. Estudo sobre liberdade e religião em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973. Johnston, Francis. Fátima: The Great Sign. Chulmleigh, U.K.: Augustine Publications, 1980.■ Kondor, Fr. Louis. Fátima in Lucia's Own Words: Sister Lucia's Memoirs. Fatima: Postulation Center, 1976. Lourenço, Joaquim Maria. Situação jurídica da Igreja em Portugal. Coimbra, 1943.■ Mattoso, José. Religião e Cultura na Idade Média Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1982. Miller, Samuel J. Portugal and Rome c. 1748-1830: An Aspect of Catholic Enlightenment. Rome: Universita Gregoriana Editrice, 1978. O'Malley, John W. The First Jesuits. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.■ Pattee, Richard. Portugal and the Portuguese World. Milwaukee, Wisc.: Bruce, 1957.■ Prestage, Edgar. Portugal: A Pioneer of Christianity. Lisbon, 1945.■ Richard, Robert. Etudes sur l'histoire morale et religieuse de Portugal. Paris: Centro Cultural de Gulbenkian, 1970.■ Robinson, Richard A. H. "The Religious Question and Catholic Revival in Portugal, 1900-1930." Journal of Contemporary History XII (1977): 345-62.■. Contemporary Portugal: A History. London: Allen & Unwin, 1979.■ Rodrigues, R. P. Francisco. História da Companhia de Jesus na Assistência de Portugal, 7 vols. Lisbon, 1931-50.■ Roth, Cecil. A History of the Marranos. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1932.■ Agriculture, Viticulture, and Fishing■ Abreu-Ferreira, Darlene. "The Portuguese in Newfoundland: Documentary Evidence Examined." Portuguese Studies Review 4, 1 (1995-96): 11-33.■ Allen, H. Warner. The Wines of Portugal. London: Michael Joseph, 1963.■ Barros, Afonso de. A reforma agrária em Portugal. Oeiras, 1979.■ Beamish, Huldine V. The Hills of Alentejo. London: Geoffrey Bles, 1958.■ Bennett, Norman R. "The Golden Age of the Port Wine System, 1781-1807." The International History Review XII (1990): 221-18.■ Black, Richard. "The Myth of Subsistence: Market Production in the Small Farm Sector of Northern Portugal." Iberian Studies 1, 8 (1989): 25-41.■ Bravo, Pedro, and Duarte de Oliveira. Viticulture Moderna. Lisbon, 1974.■. Vinhas e Vinhos De Portugal. Lisbon, 1979.■ Cabral, Manuel V. "Agrarian Structures and Recent Movements in Portugal." Journal of Peasant Studies 4, 5 (July 1978): 411-45.■ Cardoso, José Carvalho. A Agricultura Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1973.■ Carvalho, Bento de. Guía Dos Vinhos Portugueses. Lisbon, 1982.■ Clarke, Robert. Open Boat Whaling in the Azores: The History and Present Methods of a Relic Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1954.■ Cockburn, Ernest. Port Wine and Oporto. London: Wine & Spirit, 1949. Cole, S. C. "Cod, Cod Country and Family: The Portuguese Newfoundland Fishery." Mast 3, 1 (1990): 1-29.■ Coull, James. The Fisheries of Europe. London: G. Bell & Sons, 1972.■ Croft-Cooke, Rupert. Port. London: Putnam, 1957.■. Madeira. London: Putnam, 1961.■ Delaforce, John. The Factory House at Oporto. London: Christie's Wine Publications, 1979 and later eds.■ Doel, Patricia A. Port O'Call: Memories of the Portuguese White Fleet in St. John's Newfoundland. St. John's, Newfoundland: ISER, 1992.■ Fletcher, Wyndham. Port: An Introduction to Its History and Delights. London: Bernet, 1978.■ Francis, A. D. The Wine Trade. London: Adam and Charles Black, 1972.■ Freitas, Eduardo, João Ferreira de Almeida, and Manuel Villaverde Cabral. Modalidades de penetração do capitalismo na agricultura: estruturas agrárias em Portugal Continental, 1950-1970. Lisbon, 1976.■ Gonçalves, Francisco Esteves. Portugal: A Wine Country. Lisbon, 1984.■ Gulbenkian Foundation. Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. New York: Walker, 1997.■ Malefakis, Edward. "Two Iberian Land Reforms Compared: Spain, 1931-1936 and Portugal, 1974—1978." In Gulbenkian Foundation, Agrarian Reform. Lisbon, 1981.■ Moutinho, M. História da pesca do bacalhau. Lisbon: Imprensa Universitária, 1985.■ Oliveira Marques, A. H. de. lntrodução a história da agricultura em Portugal.■ Lisbon, 1968. Pato, Octávio. O Vinho. Lisbon, 1971.■ Pearson, Scott R. Portuguese Agriculture in Transition. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1987.■ Postgate, Raymond. Portuguese Wine. London: Dent, 1969.■ Read, Jan. The Wines of Portugal. London: Faber & Faber, 1982.■ Robertson, George. Port. London: Faber & Faber, 1982 ed.■ Rutledge, Ian. "Land Reform and the Portuguese Revolution." Journal of Peasant Studies 5, 1 (Oct. 1977): 79-97.■ Sanceau, Elaine. The British Factory at Oporto. Oporto, 1970.■ Simon, Andre L. Port. London: Constable, 1934.■ Simões, J. Os grandes trabalhadores do Mar: Reportagens na Terra Nova e na Groenlândia. Lisbon: Gazeta dos Caminho de Ferro, 1942.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992: Special Report. New York: Camões Center/RIIC, Columbia University, 1990.■ Stanislawski, Dan. Landscapes of Bacchus: The Vine in Portugal. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1970.■ Teixeira, Carlos, and Victor M. Pereira da Rosa, eds. The Portuguese in Canada: From the Seat to the City. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000.■ Unwin, Tim. "Farmers' Perceptions of Agrarian Change in Northwest Portugal." Journal of Rural Studies 1, 4 (1985): 339-57.■ Valadão do Valle, E. Bacalhau: tradições históricas e económicos. Lisbon, 1991.■ Venables, Bernard. Baleia! The Whalers of Azores. London: Bodley Head, 1968.■ Villiers, Alan. The Quest of the Schooner Argus: A Voyage to the Banks and Greenland. New York: Scribners, 1951. World Bank. Portugal: Agricultural Survey. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ ECONOMY, INDUSTRY, AND DEVELOPMENT■ Aiyer, Srivain, and Shahid A. Chandry. Portugal and the E.E.C.: Employment and Implications. Lisbon, 1979.■ Baklanoff, Eric N. The Economic Transformation of Spain and Portugal. New York: Praeger, 1978.■. "Changing Systems: The Portuguese Revolution and the Public Enterprise Sector." ACES ( Association of Comparative Economic Studies) Bulletin 26 (Summer-Fall 1984): 63-76.■. "Portugal's Political Economy: Old and New." In K. Maxwell and M. Haltzel, eds., Portugal: Ancient Country, Young Democracy, 37-59. Washington, D.C.: Wilson Center Press, 1990.■ Barbosa, Manuel P. Growth, Migration and the Balance of Payments in a Small, Open Economy. New York: Garland, 1984.■ Braga de Macedo, Jorge, and Simon Serfaty, eds. Portugal since the Revolution: Economic and Political Perspectives. Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1981.■ Carvalho, Camilo, et al. Sabotagem Econômica: " Dossier" Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa. Lisbon, 1975.■ Corkill, David. The Development of the Portuguese Economy: A Case of Euro-peanization. London: Routledge, 1999.■ Cravinho, João. "The Portuguese Economy: Constraints and Opportunities." In K. Maxwell, ed., Portugal in the 1980s, 111-65. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986.■ Dornsbusch, Rudiger, Richard S. Eckhaus, and Lane Taylor. "Analysis and Projection of Macroeconomic Conditions in Portugal." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 299-330. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979.■ The Economist (London). "On the Edge of Europe: A Survey of Portugal." (June 30, 1981): 3-27.■. "Coming Home: A Survey of Portugal." (May 28, 1988).■. 'The New Iberia: Not Quite Kissing Cousins" [Spain and Portugal]. (May 5, 1990): 21-24.■ Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian and German Marshall Fund of the U.S., eds. II Conferência Internacional sobre e Economia Portuguesa, 2 vols. Lisbon, 1979.■ Hudson, Mark. Portugal to 1993: Investing in a European Future. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit/Special Report No. 11 57/EIU Economic Prospects Series, 1989.■ International Labour Office (ILO). Employment and Basic Needs in Portugal. Geneva: ILO, 1979.■ Kavalsky, Basil, and Surendra Agarwal. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978.■ Krugman, Paul, and Jorge Braga de Macedo. "The Economic Consequences of the April 25th Revolution." Economia III (1979): 455-83.■ Lewis, John R., and Alan M. Williams. "The Sines Project: Portugal's Growth Centre or White Elephant?" Town Planning Review 56, 3 (1985): 339-66.■ Makler, Harry M. "The Consequences of the Survival and Revival of the Industrial Bourgeoisie." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 251-83. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■ Marques, A. La Politique Economique Portugaise dans la Période de la Dictature ( 1926-1974). Doctoral thesis, 3rd cycle, University of Grenoble, France, 1980.■ Martins, B. Sociedades e grupos em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973.■ Mata, Eugenia, and Nuno Valério. História Econômica De Portugal: Uma Perspectiva Global. Lisbon: Edit. Presença, 1994. Murteira, Mário. "The Present Economic Situation: Its Origins and Prospects." In L. S. Graham and H. M. Makler, eds., Contemporary Portugal, 331-42. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1979. OCED. Economic Survey: Portugal: 1988. Paris: OCED, 1988 [see also this series since 1978].■ Pasquier, Albert. L'Economie du Portugal: Données et Problémes de Son Expansion. Paris: Librarie Generale de Droit, 1961. Pereira da Moura, Francisco. Para onde vai e economia portuguesa? Lisbon, 1973.■ Pintado, V. Xavier. Structure and Growth of the Portuguese Economy. Geneva: EFTA, 1964.■ Pitta e Cunha, Paulo. "Portugal and the European Economic Community." In L. S. Graham and D. L. Wheeler, eds., In Search of Modern Portugal, 321-38. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983.■. "The Portuguese Economic System and Accession to the European Community." In E. Sousa Ferreira and W. C. Opello, Jr., eds., Conflict and Change in Portugal, 1974-1984, 281-300. Lisbon, 1985. Porto, Manuel. "Portugal: Twenty Years of Change." In Alan Williams, ed., Southern Europe Transformed, 84-112. London: Harper & Row, 1984. Quarterly Economic Review. London: The Economist Intelligence Unit, 1974-present.■ Salgado de Matos, Luís. Investimentos Estrangeiros em Portugal. Lisbon, 1973 and later eds.■ Schmitt, Hans O. Economic Stabilisation and Growth in Portugal. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund, 1981.■ Smith, Diana. Portugal and the Challenge of 1992. New York: Camões Center, RIIC, Columbia University, 1989.■ Tillotson, John. The Portuguese Bank Note Case [ 1920s]: Legal, Economic and Financial Approaches to the Measure of Damages in Contract. Manchester, U.K.: Faculty of Law, University of Manchester, 1992.■ Tovias, Alfred. Foreign Economic Relations of the Economic Community: The Impact of Spain and Portugal. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1990.■ Valério, Nuno. A moeda em Portugal, 1913-1947. Lisbon: Sá da Costa, 1984.■. As Finanças Públicas Portuguesas Entre As Duas Guerras Mundiais. Lisbon: Cosmos, 1994.■ World Bank. Portugal: Current and Prospective Economic Trends. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1978 and to the present.■ PHOTOGRAPHY ON PORTUGAL■ Alves, Afonso Manuel, Antônio Sacchetti, and Moura Machado. Lisboa. Lisbon, 1991.■ Antunes, José. Lisboa do nosso olhar; A look on Lisbon. Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1991. Beaton, Cecil. Near East. London: Batsford, 1943.■. Lisboa 1942: Cecil Beaton, Lisbon 1942. Lisbon: British Historical Society of Portugal/Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, 1995.■ Bottineau, Yves. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1957.■ Câmara Municipal de Lisboa. 7 Olhares ( Seven Viewpoints). Lisbon: Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, 1998.■ Capital, A. Lisboa: Imagens d'A Capital. Lisbon: Edit. Notícias, 1984.■ Dias, Marina Tavares. Photographias de Lisboa, 1900 ( Photographs of Lisbon, 1900). Lisbon: Quimera, 1991.■. Os melhores postais antigos de Lisboa ( The best old postcards of Lisbon). Lisbon: Químera, 1995.■ Finlayson, Graham, and Frank Tuohy. Portugal. London: Thames & Hudson, 1970.■ Glassner, Helga. Portugal. Berlin-Zurich: Atlantis-Verlag, 1942. Hopkinson, Amanda, ed. Reflections by Ten Portuguese photographers. Bark-way, U.K.: Frontline/Portugal 600, 1996.■ Lima, Luís Leiria, and Isabel Salema. Lisboa de Pedra e Bronze. Lisbon, 1990.■ Martins, Miguel Gomes. Lisboa ribeirinha ( Riverside Lisbon). Lisbon: Arquivo Municipal, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Livros Horizonte, 1994. Vieira, Alice. Esta Lisboa ( This Lisbon). Lisbon: Caminho, 1994. Wohl, Hellmut, and Alice Wohl. Portugal. London: Frederick Muller, 1983.■ EQUESTRIANISM■ Andrade, Manoel Carlos de, Luz da Liberal e Nobre Arte da Cavallaria. Lisbon, 1790.■ Graciosa, Filipe. Escola Portuguesa de Arte Equestre. Lisbon, 2004.■ Horsetalk Magazine. Published in New Zealand.■ Oliveira, Nuno. Reflections on the Equestrian Art. London, 2000.■ Russell, Eleanor, ed. The Truth in the Teaching of Nuno Oliveira. Stanhope,■ Queensland, Australia, 2003. Vilaca, Luis V., and Pedro Yglesias d'Oliveira, eds. LUSITANO. Coudelarias De Portugal. O Cavalo ancestral do Sudoeste da Europa. Lisbon: ICONOM, 2005.■ Websites of interest: www.equestrian.pt portugalweb.comHistorical dictionary of Portugal > CULTURE, LITERATURE, AND LANGUAGE
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10 Artificial Intelligence
In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, EventuallyJust as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)5) Problems in Machine Intelligence Arise Because Things Obvious to Any Person Are Not Represented in the ProgramMany problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)[AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract FormThe basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory FormationIt is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular ContextsEven if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial IntelligenceThe primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary PropositionsIn artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence
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11 encerrar
v.1 to shut up or in.2 to contain.sus palabras encerraban una amenaza there was a threat in his words3 to shut in, to close in, to confine, to lock in.Ella encerró al chico mal portado She shut in the misbehaving boy.4 to enclose, to encompass, to contain, to comprise.Ese poema encierra mucha verdad That poem encloses much truth.5 to surround, to hem.La cerca encierra el potrero The fence surrounds the pasture.6 to block in, to box in, to box up.* * *1 (gen) to shut in, shut up2 (con llave) to lock in, lock up3 (palabras, frases, etc) to put4 (ajedrez, damas) to block1 (recogerse) to go into retreat; (en sí mismo) to become withdrawn* * *verb1) to lock up, shut up2) contain* * *1. VT1) (=meter) to shut (up); [con llave] to lock (up)2) (=contener) to contain3) (=implicar) to involve4) (Ajedrez, Damas) to block2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivome encerró en mi habitación — he shut me o locked me in my room
está para que lo encierren — (fam) he's crazy o a nut (colloq)
2)a) ( contener) to containb) ( conllevar) to involve, entail2.encerrarse v pron (refl) ( en una habitación) to shut oneself in; (en una fábrica, universidad) obreros/estudiantes to lock oneself in* * *= enclose, lock, intern, shut up, closet, hold + prisoner, coop up, hem + Nombre + in, pen.Ex. The building encloses an art gallery, tourist office, conference room, concert hall and cinema.Ex. If the analogy with the fairy story is taken a little further it can be noted that no author really believes in dragons, wicked queens, fair maidens locked in high towers and the like.Ex. The Red Cross then established and ran a library for the about 500 asylum seekers who were interned on the ship awaiting police interviewing.Ex. Certainly the last thing we want is that books be shut up in tastefully decorated warehouses, watched over by highly trained storekeepers whose main purpose is to see that everything is kept tidily in its place and, as far as possible, untouched by human hands -- especially the sticky-fingered hands of marauding children.Ex. Too often guests are snatched up on arrival and closeted away from the children before being produced like a rabbit out of a hat for the 'official' appearance.Ex. Tom Sutherland, a professor at the American University of Beirut, was kidnapped in 1985 and held prisoner for six and a half years, for much of the time shackled to his prisoner Terry Anderson.Ex. We've all heard of road rage: being cooped up in a car on a crowded freeway with no means of escape.Ex. The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.Ex. There's also goats, but I don't think they're penned anywhere -- they seem to have the run of the place as much as the chickens.----* encerrar con candado = padlock.* encerrar en una jaula = cage.* hora de encerrarse = curfew.* * *1.verbo transitivome encerró en mi habitación — he shut me o locked me in my room
está para que lo encierren — (fam) he's crazy o a nut (colloq)
2)a) ( contener) to containb) ( conllevar) to involve, entail2.encerrarse v pron (refl) ( en una habitación) to shut oneself in; (en una fábrica, universidad) obreros/estudiantes to lock oneself in* * *= enclose, lock, intern, shut up, closet, hold + prisoner, coop up, hem + Nombre + in, pen.Ex: The building encloses an art gallery, tourist office, conference room, concert hall and cinema.
Ex: If the analogy with the fairy story is taken a little further it can be noted that no author really believes in dragons, wicked queens, fair maidens locked in high towers and the like.Ex: The Red Cross then established and ran a library for the about 500 asylum seekers who were interned on the ship awaiting police interviewing.Ex: Certainly the last thing we want is that books be shut up in tastefully decorated warehouses, watched over by highly trained storekeepers whose main purpose is to see that everything is kept tidily in its place and, as far as possible, untouched by human hands -- especially the sticky-fingered hands of marauding children.Ex: Too often guests are snatched up on arrival and closeted away from the children before being produced like a rabbit out of a hat for the 'official' appearance.Ex: Tom Sutherland, a professor at the American University of Beirut, was kidnapped in 1985 and held prisoner for six and a half years, for much of the time shackled to his prisoner Terry Anderson.Ex: We've all heard of road rage: being cooped up in a car on a crowded freeway with no means of escape.Ex: The world of work is no longer constrained by the four physical dimensions of space and time that have hemmed us in for most of recorded history.Ex: There's also goats, but I don't think they're penned anywhere -- they seem to have the run of the place as much as the chickens.* encerrar con candado = padlock.* encerrar en una jaula = cage.* hora de encerrarse = curfew.* * *encerrar [A5 ]vtA ‹persona› to lock up; ‹ganado› to shut up, penlo han encerrado en la cárcel he's been locked up in prison o put behind barsme encerraban en mi habitación they used to shut me in my roomencierra al perro shut the dog inestá para que lo encierren ( fam); he's crazy o a nut ( colloq), he should be put away o certified ( colloq)nos dejaron encerrados en la oficina we got locked in the officeB1 (contener) to containla película encierra una gran carga moral the movie contains o has a strong moral message2 (conllevar) to involve, entailno sabe el peligro que encierra she does not know the danger which it involves o entails( refl) to shut oneself inse ha encerrado en su habitación he has shut himself in his roomse encerró en un convento she shut herself away in a conventlos trabajadores se encerraron en la fábrica the workers locked themselves in the factory o occupied the factory* * *
encerrar ( conjugate encerrar) verbo transitivo
1 ‹ ganado› to shut up, pen;
‹ perro› to shut … in;
‹ persona› (en cárcel, calabozo) to lock up;◊ me encerró en mi habitación he shut me o locked me in my room;
me dejaron encerrada en la oficina I got locked in the office
2 ( conllevar) ‹peligro/riesgo› to involve, entail
encerrarse verbo pronominal ( refl) ( en habitación) to shut oneself in;
(en fábrica, universidad) [obreros/estudiantes] to lock oneself in
encerrar verbo transitivo
1 to shut in: encerraron al perro en la cocina, they shut the dog in the kitchen
(con llave) to lock in
2 (entrañar) to contain, include: la Esfinge encierra la clave, the Sphinx holds the key
' encerrar' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
encierra
English:
confine
- enclose
- hem in
- lock in
- lock up
- put away
- seal in
- shut away
- shut in
- shut up
- coop
- hem
- lock
- put
- shut
* * *♦ vt1. [recluir] to shut up o in;[con llave] to lock up o in; [en la cárcel] to lock away o up; [ganado, rebaño] to pen (up); [gallinas] to shut up; [en carreras] to box in;lo encerraron en un psiquiátrico they shut him away o up in a mental hospital;me encerraron en la curva y no pude esprintar they boxed me in on the bend and I couldn't put on a sprint;Fam2. [contener] to contain;el espectáculo encierra grandes sorpresas the show has some big surprises;sus palabras encerraban una amenaza there was a threat in his words3. [en ajedrez] to checkmate4. [con signos de puntuación] to enclose ( entre in);encerró el comentario entre paréntesis she enclosed the comment in brackets* * *v/t1 lock up, shut up2 ( contener) contain* * *encerrar {55} vt1) : to lock up, to shut away2) : to contain, to include3) : to involve, to entail* * *encerrar vb2. (con llave) to lock -
12 recluir
v.1 to shut or lock away, to imprison.2 to shut in, to lock in, to imprison, to lock up.* * *1 (encerrar) to shut in2 (en cárcel) to imprison, intern3 (en manicomio) to confine* * *verb* * *1.VT (=encerrar) to shut away; (Jur) (=encarcelar) to imprison2.See:* * *1. 2.recluirse v pron to shut oneself awaydesde la muerte de su mujer se ha recluido — since the death of his wife he has been a recluse/lived as a recluse
* * *= intern, seclude, hold + prisoner.Ex. The Red Cross then established and ran a library for the about 500 asylum seekers who were interned on the ship awaiting police interviewing.Ex. Can't you seclude yourself and do nothing but work on this topic for the week?.Ex. Tom Sutherland, a professor at the American University of Beirut, was kidnapped in 1985 and held prisoner for six and a half years, for much of the time shackled to his prisoner Terry Anderson.----* dado a recluirse = reclusive.* * *1. 2.recluirse v pron to shut oneself awaydesde la muerte de su mujer se ha recluido — since the death of his wife he has been a recluse/lived as a recluse
* * *= intern, seclude, hold + prisoner.Ex: The Red Cross then established and ran a library for the about 500 asylum seekers who were interned on the ship awaiting police interviewing.
Ex: Can't you seclude yourself and do nothing but work on this topic for the week?.Ex: Tom Sutherland, a professor at the American University of Beirut, was kidnapped in 1985 and held prisoner for six and a half years, for much of the time shackled to his prisoner Terry Anderson.* dado a recluirse = reclusive.* * *vt(en una prisión) to imprisonfue recluido en un psiquiátrico he was shut away in a psychiatric hospital, he was confined to o interned in a psychiatric hospital ( frml)la enfermedad lo ha tenido recluido durante casi un año he has been confined to the house for almost a year because of the illnessdesde la muerte de su mujer se había recluido/había vivido recluido since the death of his wife he had been a recluse/he had lived as a recluseuna casa donde suele recluirse para escribir a house where he shuts himself away to write* * *
recluir ( conjugate recluir) verbo transitivo ( en prisión) to imprison;
( en hospital psiquiátrico), to intern (frml)
recluir verbo transitivo
1 to shut away, confine
2 (en una cárcel) to imprison
3 (en un hospital, etc) to intern
' recluir' also found in these entries:
English:
confine
- shut away
- intern
* * *♦ vtto shut o lock away, to imprison;recluyeron a los prisioneros en una cárcel de máxima seguridad they put the prisoners in a maximum security prison* * *v/t imprison, confine* * *recluir {41} vt: to confine, to lock up -
13 retener
v.1 to hold back.no me retuvo mucho tiempo he didn't keep me longretener el tráfico to hold up the traffic2 to hold back, to restrain (contener) (impulso, ira).3 to retain.Ellos retuvieron el dinero They retained the money.4 to remember.5 to deduct (deducir del sueldo).el fisco me retiene el 20 por ciento del sueldo 20 percent of my salary goes in tax6 to conceal, to black out, to blank out, to cover.Ellos retuvieron la verdad They concealed the truth.* * *1 (contener) to restrain, hold back2 (no dejar marchar) to keep, keep back3 (no devolver) to keep4 (en la memoria) to retain, remember5 (detener) to detain; (arrestar) to arrest6 FINANZAS to deduct, withhold7 (absorber) to retain, hold1 to restrain oneself, hold oneself back* * *verb1) to retain, keep2) detain3) hold* * *1. VT1) (=no dejar marchar) to keep; [la policía] to detain, holdno intentes retenerme porque pienso ir — don't try and keep o stop me because I'm going
retuvieron a los inmigrantes en la aduana — they held o detained the immigrants at customs
una llamada de última hora me retuvo en la oficina — a last-minute phone call held me up o kept me back at the office
retener a algn preso — to hold o keep sb prisoner
2) (=conservar) [+ datos, información] to withhold; [+ pasaporte] to retainel Atlético ha conseguido retener el título de Liga — Atlético managed to hold on to o keep o retain the league title
3) (=memorizar) to retain4) (Econ) [+ dinero] to deduct5) [+ calor] to retain; [+ líquido] to hold6) frm [+ atención, interés] to retain2.See:* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) <datos/información> to keep back, withholdb) <pasaporte/tarjeta> to retainc) (Fin, Fisco) <dinero/cuota> to deduct, withhold2)b) ( hacer permanecer)3) <calor/carga/líquidos> to retain4) <atención/interés> to keep, retain5) ( recordar) to retain, keep... in one's head2.retenerse v pron to restrain oneself* * *= hold up, retain, withhold, hold + Nombre + back, dam (up), hold + prisoner.Ex. Unfortunately, goods of Community origin can also be held up by the surveillance system, often for several weeks.Ex. At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.Ex. It was agreed to withhold supplies from booksellers who offered new books at a discount greater than the 10 per cent usually allowed for cash.Ex. Despite the improvements in the 17th edition, the scheme has been held back for years by the old policy of 'integrity of numbers' referred to above, the effects of which are not likely to be quickly mitigated.Ex. But to prevent any meandering at all, or to dam the flow of talk too soon and too often by intruding, generally only frustrates spontaneity = Aunque evitar cualquier divagación o cortar el flujo de la conversación demasiado pronto y con demasiada frecuencia con interrupciones generalmente sólo coarta la espontaneidad.Ex. Tom Sutherland, a professor at the American University of Beirut, was kidnapped in 1985 and held prisoner for six and a half years, for much of the time shackled to his prisoner Terry Anderson.----* que retiene el calor = heat absorbing.* retener la atención de Alguien = retain + attention.* * *1.verbo transitivo1)a) <datos/información> to keep back, withholdb) <pasaporte/tarjeta> to retainc) (Fin, Fisco) <dinero/cuota> to deduct, withhold2)b) ( hacer permanecer)3) <calor/carga/líquidos> to retain4) <atención/interés> to keep, retain5) ( recordar) to retain, keep... in one's head2.retenerse v pron to restrain oneself* * *= hold up, retain, withhold, hold + Nombre + back, dam (up), hold + prisoner.Ex: Unfortunately, goods of Community origin can also be held up by the surveillance system, often for several weeks.
Ex: At an earlier stage, the Library of Congress had decided to retain certain pre-AACR headings, in order to avoid the expense of extensive recataloguing.Ex: It was agreed to withhold supplies from booksellers who offered new books at a discount greater than the 10 per cent usually allowed for cash.Ex: Despite the improvements in the 17th edition, the scheme has been held back for years by the old policy of 'integrity of numbers' referred to above, the effects of which are not likely to be quickly mitigated.Ex: But to prevent any meandering at all, or to dam the flow of talk too soon and too often by intruding, generally only frustrates spontaneity = Aunque evitar cualquier divagación o cortar el flujo de la conversación demasiado pronto y con demasiada frecuencia con interrupciones generalmente sólo coarta la espontaneidad.Ex: Tom Sutherland, a professor at the American University of Beirut, was kidnapped in 1985 and held prisoner for six and a half years, for much of the time shackled to his prisoner Terry Anderson.* que retiene el calor = heat absorbing.* retener la atención de Alguien = retain + attention.* * *vtA1 ‹datos/información› to keep back, withhold2 ‹pasaporte/tarjeta› to retainB1 «policía» ‹persona› to detain, hold2(hacer permanecer): no te retendré demasiado tiempo I won't keep you longel maestro nos retuvo the teacher kept us in o kept us back after classtres reclusos retuvieron a un funcionario three prisoners held a prison guard hostageya nada me retiene aquí there's nothing to keep me here nowno sabe cómo retener a su marido she doesn't know what to do to hold on to o to keep her husbandC1 ‹calor/carga› to retain2 ( Med) ‹orina/líquidos› to retainD ‹atención/interés› to keep, retainE (recordar) ‹lección/texto/ideas› to retain, keep … in one's headto restrain oneself* * *
retener ( conjugate retener) verbo transitivo
1
2
b) ( hacer permanecer):
3 ‹calor/carga/líquidos› to retain
4 ‹atención/interés› to keep, retain
5 ( recordar) to retain, keep … in one's head
retener verbo transitivo
1 (para sí) to keep: querría retenerte junto a mí, I would like to keep you near me
2 (en sí) to retain: las esponjas retienen agua, sponges retain water
3 (en un lugar) to keep: debo ir, no intentes retenerme, I need to leave, don't try to hold me back
(en una comisaría) to detain, keep in custody
4 (en la memoria) to remember: no puedo retener todos los nombres, I can't remember all the names
5 (un sentimiento, impulso, etc) to restrain, hold back: no sabe retener sus emociones, she can't control her emotions
6 (el curso normal de algo) to stop, hold back: la presa retiene el agua del río, the dam holds back the river
7 (un sueldo, capital) to deduct, withhold: le retienen el 40% de los ingresos, they withhold 40% of his earnings
' retener' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
sujetar
- entretener
English:
detain
- hang up
- hold
- hold back
- keep back
- keep down
- retain
- stay down
- withhold
- keep
* * *retener vt1. [detener] to hold back;[en comisaría] to detain;no me retuvo mucho tiempo he didn't keep me long;retener el tráfico to hold up the traffic2. [contener] [impulso, ira] to hold back, to restrain;[aliento] to hold3. [conservar] to retain;las hojas retienen la humedad leaves retain moisture4. [quedarse con] to hold on to, to keep5. [memorizar] to remember6. [deducir del sueldo] to deduct;el fisco me retiene el 20 por ciento del sueldo 20 percent of my salary goes in o for tax7. [apoderarse de] [sueldo] to withhold* * *v/t2 persona detain, hold* * *retener {80} vt1) : to retain, to keep2) : to withhold3) : to detain* * *retener vb2. (conservar) to retain3. (memorizar) to remember -
14 Cognitive Psychology
The basic reason for studying cognitive processes has become as clear as the reason for studying anything else: because they are there. Our knowledge of the world must be somehow developed from stimulus input.... Cognitive processes surely exist, so it can hardly be unscientific to study them. (Neisser, 1967, p. 5).The task of the cognitive psychologist is a highly inferential one. The cognitive psychologist must proceed from observations of the behavior of humans performing intellectual tasks to conclusions about the abstract mechanisms underlying the behavior. Developing a theory in cognitive psychology is much like developing a model for the working of the engine of a strange new vehicle by driving the vehicle, being unable to open it up to inspect the engine itself....It is well understood from the automata theory... that many different mechanisms can generate the same external behavior. (Anderson, 1980, pp. 12, 17)[Cognitive psychology does not] deal with whole people but with a very special and bizarre-almost Frankensteinian-preparation, which consists of a brain attached to two eyes, two ears, and two index fingers. This preparation is only to be found inside small, gloomy cubicles, outside which red lights burn to warn ordinary people away.... It does not feel hungry or tired or inquisitive; it does not think extraneous thoughts or try to understand what is going on. It is, in short, a computer, made in the image of the larger electronic organism that sends it stimuli and records its responses. (Claxton, 1980, p. 13)4) Cognitive Psychology Has Not Succeeded in Making a Significant Contribution to the Understanding of the Human MindCognitive psychology is not getting anywhere; that in spite of our sophisticated methodology, we have not succeeded in making a substantial contribution toward the understanding of the human mind.... A short time ago, the information processing approach to cognition was just beginning. Hopes were high that the analysis of information processing into a series of discrete stages would offer profound insights into human cognition. But in only a few short years the vigor of this approach was spent. It was only natural that hopes that had been so high should sink low. (Glass, Holyoak & Santa, 1979, p. ix)Cognitive psychology attempts to understand the nature of human intelligence and how people think. (Anderson, 1980, p. 3)6) The Rise of Cognitive Psychology Demonstrates That the Impeccable Peripheralism of Stimulus- Response Theories Could Not LastThe past few years have witnessed a noticeable increase in interest in an investigation of the cognitive processes.... It has resulted from a recognition of the complex processes that mediate between the classical "stimuli" and "responses" out of which stimulus-response learning theories hoped to fashion a psychology that would by-pass anything smacking of the "mental." The impeccable peripheralism of such theories could not last. One might do well to have a closer look at these intervening "cognitive maps." (Bruner, Goodnow & Austin, 1956, p. vii)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Cognitive Psychology
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15 MA
1) Общая лексика: moving averages2) Компьютерная техника: Maya Ascii3) Медицина: mitral annulus, mitral atresia4) Американизм: Mutual Agreement5) Военный термин: Mediterranean area, Militia Act, Mindless Automaton, Ministry of Aviation, Mission Assessment, Missions Advisor, machine account, maintainability analysis, maintenance, maintenance ability, maintenance actions, maintenance area, manpower administration, manpower allotment, manpower authorization, manual, manufacturing and assembly, map analysis, maritime airfield, marshalling area, material authorization, maximum accuracy, mechanical aptitude, medical assistance, medium altitude, medium artillery, mess attendant, mileage allowance, military academy, military aircraft, military allocations, military assistance, military attache, military aviation, military aviator, missile alert, missile assembly, mission accomplished, mission analysis, mission area, mobilization augmentee, monitoring agency, mountain artillery, multichannel analyzer, muzzle action6) Техника: My Age, maintenance analysis, megampere, memory address, mill annealed, военное обозначение кассет, обозначение для самолётных радиостанций (принятое МСЭ), радиомаяк с вертикальными излучателями7) Химия: Methyl Acrylate, Метилакрилат (Methyl acrylate), метиловый эфир акриловой кислоты8) Математика: скользящее среднее (moving average)9) Метеорология: Middle Air10) Юридический термин: Made And Attempted, Male Adult11) Экономика: ( manager assistant) заместитель управляющего12) География: Массачусетс13) Кино: Suitable for Mature Audiences only14) Металлургия: Matched Angles, metals and alloys15) Политика: Madagascar16) Психология: mental age17) Сокращение: Maritime Administration, Massachusetts (US state), Massachusetts, Medical Assistant (UK Royal Navy), Middle Ages, Military Adviser, Military Assistant (British Army), Military Attache (British Army), Mission Abort, Mobilisation Augmentee, Multi-chambered Auto-injector, master, maximum accuracy range, mental ability, mercury arc, metal anchor, military astronautics, mission assembly, moist air, Master of Arts (degree), Mature Audiences (TV program rating), (USN Rating) Master-At-Arms, MANPRINT Assessment, Maanantai (Finnish: Monday), Machine Accountant (Naval Rating), Madagascar (Malagasy), Magister Artium (Master of Arts), Mai^tre E`s Arts (French: Master of Arts), Main Assist (Everquest), Maintaining Activity, Maintenance Action, Maintenance Administrator, Maintenance Agreement, Maintenance and Adaptation (ATMF), Major Arcana (Lineage 2 game armor set), Makarska, Croatia (license plate), Makeshift Apathy (Michigan music group), Malev Hungarian Airlines Limited - Hungary (IATA airline code), Management Accounts, Management Activity, Management Advocate, Management Agent (metadirectory services), Manitoba, Mannheim, Germany (license plate), Manual (welding), Manual Assist (nursing), Maranhao (Brazil), Margin Agreement, Marijuana Anonymous, Marin Academy (California), Market America (independent entrepenurial corporation founded by James H Ridinger), Marketing Authorization, Martha Argerich (pianist), Martial Artist (gaming), Mass Analyzer, Master Administrator, Master of Audiology, Masurium (element), Materials, Materials Analyst, Mathematics, MatureAsskickers (gaming clan), Maximum Allowance, Mildly Amused, Mean Average (mathematics), Measurement and Analysis (process area; Capability Maturity Model Integration), Mechanical Advantage (machines), Mechanical Ambush, Mechanical Animals (Marilyn Manson album), MediArchive (website), Medical Administrator, Medical Advisor, Medical Attendant, Medicare Advantage, Mega Annum (one million years, geological chronology), Memory Administration, Mesh Antenna, Message Analysis, Meta Analysis, помощник врача (сокр. от medical assistant), фельдшер (сокр. от medical assistant), Methanandamide, Metropolitan Area Network, Microsoft Access, Middle Assyrian, Military Academy (West Point, NY), Military Aircrew, Military Applications, Military Assistant, MJU Alert (Hekimian), Mini Alert (System Sensor Sounder), Minnehaha Academy (Minneapolis), Minor Actinide, Minor Arterial (State highway Information), Miscible Accounting, Missed Abortion, Missed Appointment, Missed Approach, Mission Assignment, Mission Assurance (Homeland Defense), Mittelalter (German: Middle Ages), Mobile Allocation (PCS - GSM), Mobile Armor (Gundam series), Mobile Service, Mobility Agent, Mobilization Assistant, Molecular Absorption, Moored Alongside, Morbid Angel (band), Morocco (ISO country code, top level domain), Mortuary Affairs, Motorcycling Australia, Motorist Assist, Move Along, Multi-Access, Multi-Alert (system sensor brand name), Multichambered Autoinjector, Multiple Access, Multiple Answer, Multiple Award, Music Ant (online guide for music software), Willys-Overland 1/4 Ton 4 X 4 Truck (1st Model of WWII Jeep), Marketing Authorization - регистрационное удостоверение (РУ)18) Физиология: Medical authorization, Metamorphic Anamorphosis, Moderately Advanced, Muscle Activity19) Электроника: Main Amplifier, Mechanical Advantage, Milliammeter, Multi-channel Analyser20) Вычислительная техника: Management Agent, Massachusetts (US state postal designation)21) Нефть: massive anhydrite, mud acid, анализ ремонтопригодности (maintainability analysis), анализ технического обслуживания (maintainability analysis), глинокислота (mud acid), грязевая кислота (mud acid)22) Фирменный знак: Master Specialties23) Холодильная техника: modified atmosphere24) СМИ: Media Access25) Деловая лексика: Management Action, Marketing And Advertising, магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на двух языках (commercial languages), магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на одном языке (commercial language), магистр гуманитарных наук (Master of Arts), магистр политических и экономических наук (econ.), магистр экономических наук (econ.)26) Бурение: мощная свита ангидритов (massive anhydrite)27) Образование: магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на одном языке/нескольких языках (commercial languages)28) Сетевые технологии: Message Area29) ЕБРР: monitoring adviser30) Полимеры: maleic anhydride31) Контроль качества: maintainability, moving average32) Океанография: Meteorological Applications33) Авиационная медицина: mental addition34) SAP.тех. атрибут мониторинга35) Электротехника: magnetic amplifier36) Имена и фамилии: Martha Anderson (china paintings)37) Фармация: Marketing authorisation38) Общественная организация: Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights39) Должность: Master of Arts, Modern Arts, Multicultural Assistant40) Чат: Mildly Apathetic41) Единицы измерений: Mega Anna, Mega Annum -
16 Ma
1) Общая лексика: moving averages2) Компьютерная техника: Maya Ascii3) Медицина: mitral annulus, mitral atresia4) Американизм: Mutual Agreement5) Военный термин: Mediterranean area, Militia Act, Mindless Automaton, Ministry of Aviation, Mission Assessment, Missions Advisor, machine account, maintainability analysis, maintenance, maintenance ability, maintenance actions, maintenance area, manpower administration, manpower allotment, manpower authorization, manual, manufacturing and assembly, map analysis, maritime airfield, marshalling area, material authorization, maximum accuracy, mechanical aptitude, medical assistance, medium altitude, medium artillery, mess attendant, mileage allowance, military academy, military aircraft, military allocations, military assistance, military attache, military aviation, military aviator, missile alert, missile assembly, mission accomplished, mission analysis, mission area, mobilization augmentee, monitoring agency, mountain artillery, multichannel analyzer, muzzle action6) Техника: My Age, maintenance analysis, megampere, memory address, mill annealed, военное обозначение кассет, обозначение для самолётных радиостанций (принятое МСЭ), радиомаяк с вертикальными излучателями7) Химия: Methyl Acrylate, Метилакрилат (Methyl acrylate), метиловый эфир акриловой кислоты8) Математика: скользящее среднее (moving average)9) Метеорология: Middle Air10) Юридический термин: Made And Attempted, Male Adult11) Экономика: ( manager assistant) заместитель управляющего12) География: Массачусетс13) Кино: Suitable for Mature Audiences only14) Металлургия: Matched Angles, metals and alloys15) Политика: Madagascar16) Психология: mental age17) Сокращение: Maritime Administration, Massachusetts (US state), Massachusetts, Medical Assistant (UK Royal Navy), Middle Ages, Military Adviser, Military Assistant (British Army), Military Attache (British Army), Mission Abort, Mobilisation Augmentee, Multi-chambered Auto-injector, master, maximum accuracy range, mental ability, mercury arc, metal anchor, military astronautics, mission assembly, moist air, Master of Arts (degree), Mature Audiences (TV program rating), (USN Rating) Master-At-Arms, MANPRINT Assessment, Maanantai (Finnish: Monday), Machine Accountant (Naval Rating), Madagascar (Malagasy), Magister Artium (Master of Arts), Mai^tre E`s Arts (French: Master of Arts), Main Assist (Everquest), Maintaining Activity, Maintenance Action, Maintenance Administrator, Maintenance Agreement, Maintenance and Adaptation (ATMF), Major Arcana (Lineage 2 game armor set), Makarska, Croatia (license plate), Makeshift Apathy (Michigan music group), Malev Hungarian Airlines Limited - Hungary (IATA airline code), Management Accounts, Management Activity, Management Advocate, Management Agent (metadirectory services), Manitoba, Mannheim, Germany (license plate), Manual (welding), Manual Assist (nursing), Maranhao (Brazil), Margin Agreement, Marijuana Anonymous, Marin Academy (California), Market America (independent entrepenurial corporation founded by James H Ridinger), Marketing Authorization, Martha Argerich (pianist), Martial Artist (gaming), Mass Analyzer, Master Administrator, Master of Audiology, Masurium (element), Materials, Materials Analyst, Mathematics, MatureAsskickers (gaming clan), Maximum Allowance, Mildly Amused, Mean Average (mathematics), Measurement and Analysis (process area; Capability Maturity Model Integration), Mechanical Advantage (machines), Mechanical Ambush, Mechanical Animals (Marilyn Manson album), MediArchive (website), Medical Administrator, Medical Advisor, Medical Attendant, Medicare Advantage, Mega Annum (one million years, geological chronology), Memory Administration, Mesh Antenna, Message Analysis, Meta Analysis, помощник врача (сокр. от medical assistant), фельдшер (сокр. от medical assistant), Methanandamide, Metropolitan Area Network, Microsoft Access, Middle Assyrian, Military Academy (West Point, NY), Military Aircrew, Military Applications, Military Assistant, MJU Alert (Hekimian), Mini Alert (System Sensor Sounder), Minnehaha Academy (Minneapolis), Minor Actinide, Minor Arterial (State highway Information), Miscible Accounting, Missed Abortion, Missed Appointment, Missed Approach, Mission Assignment, Mission Assurance (Homeland Defense), Mittelalter (German: Middle Ages), Mobile Allocation (PCS - GSM), Mobile Armor (Gundam series), Mobile Service, Mobility Agent, Mobilization Assistant, Molecular Absorption, Moored Alongside, Morbid Angel (band), Morocco (ISO country code, top level domain), Mortuary Affairs, Motorcycling Australia, Motorist Assist, Move Along, Multi-Access, Multi-Alert (system sensor brand name), Multichambered Autoinjector, Multiple Access, Multiple Answer, Multiple Award, Music Ant (online guide for music software), Willys-Overland 1/4 Ton 4 X 4 Truck (1st Model of WWII Jeep), Marketing Authorization - регистрационное удостоверение (РУ)18) Физиология: Medical authorization, Metamorphic Anamorphosis, Moderately Advanced, Muscle Activity19) Электроника: Main Amplifier, Mechanical Advantage, Milliammeter, Multi-channel Analyser20) Вычислительная техника: Management Agent, Massachusetts (US state postal designation)21) Нефть: massive anhydrite, mud acid, анализ ремонтопригодности (maintainability analysis), анализ технического обслуживания (maintainability analysis), глинокислота (mud acid), грязевая кислота (mud acid)22) Фирменный знак: Master Specialties23) Холодильная техника: modified atmosphere24) СМИ: Media Access25) Деловая лексика: Management Action, Marketing And Advertising, магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на двух языках (commercial languages), магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на одном языке (commercial language), магистр гуманитарных наук (Master of Arts), магистр политических и экономических наук (econ.), магистр экономических наук (econ.)26) Бурение: мощная свита ангидритов (massive anhydrite)27) Образование: магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на одном языке/нескольких языках (commercial languages)28) Сетевые технологии: Message Area29) ЕБРР: monitoring adviser30) Полимеры: maleic anhydride31) Контроль качества: maintainability, moving average32) Океанография: Meteorological Applications33) Авиационная медицина: mental addition34) SAP.тех. атрибут мониторинга35) Электротехника: magnetic amplifier36) Имена и фамилии: Martha Anderson (china paintings)37) Фармация: Marketing authorisation38) Общественная организация: Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights39) Должность: Master of Arts, Modern Arts, Multicultural Assistant40) Чат: Mildly Apathetic41) Единицы измерений: Mega Anna, Mega Annum -
17 mA
1) Общая лексика: moving averages2) Компьютерная техника: Maya Ascii3) Медицина: mitral annulus, mitral atresia4) Американизм: Mutual Agreement5) Военный термин: Mediterranean area, Militia Act, Mindless Automaton, Ministry of Aviation, Mission Assessment, Missions Advisor, machine account, maintainability analysis, maintenance, maintenance ability, maintenance actions, maintenance area, manpower administration, manpower allotment, manpower authorization, manual, manufacturing and assembly, map analysis, maritime airfield, marshalling area, material authorization, maximum accuracy, mechanical aptitude, medical assistance, medium altitude, medium artillery, mess attendant, mileage allowance, military academy, military aircraft, military allocations, military assistance, military attache, military aviation, military aviator, missile alert, missile assembly, mission accomplished, mission analysis, mission area, mobilization augmentee, monitoring agency, mountain artillery, multichannel analyzer, muzzle action6) Техника: My Age, maintenance analysis, megampere, memory address, mill annealed, военное обозначение кассет, обозначение для самолётных радиостанций (принятое МСЭ), радиомаяк с вертикальными излучателями7) Химия: Methyl Acrylate, Метилакрилат (Methyl acrylate), метиловый эфир акриловой кислоты8) Математика: скользящее среднее (moving average)9) Метеорология: Middle Air10) Юридический термин: Made And Attempted, Male Adult11) Экономика: ( manager assistant) заместитель управляющего12) География: Массачусетс13) Кино: Suitable for Mature Audiences only14) Металлургия: Matched Angles, metals and alloys15) Политика: Madagascar16) Психология: mental age17) Сокращение: Maritime Administration, Massachusetts (US state), Massachusetts, Medical Assistant (UK Royal Navy), Middle Ages, Military Adviser, Military Assistant (British Army), Military Attache (British Army), Mission Abort, Mobilisation Augmentee, Multi-chambered Auto-injector, master, maximum accuracy range, mental ability, mercury arc, metal anchor, military astronautics, mission assembly, moist air, Master of Arts (degree), Mature Audiences (TV program rating), (USN Rating) Master-At-Arms, MANPRINT Assessment, Maanantai (Finnish: Monday), Machine Accountant (Naval Rating), Madagascar (Malagasy), Magister Artium (Master of Arts), Mai^tre E`s Arts (French: Master of Arts), Main Assist (Everquest), Maintaining Activity, Maintenance Action, Maintenance Administrator, Maintenance Agreement, Maintenance and Adaptation (ATMF), Major Arcana (Lineage 2 game armor set), Makarska, Croatia (license plate), Makeshift Apathy (Michigan music group), Malev Hungarian Airlines Limited - Hungary (IATA airline code), Management Accounts, Management Activity, Management Advocate, Management Agent (metadirectory services), Manitoba, Mannheim, Germany (license plate), Manual (welding), Manual Assist (nursing), Maranhao (Brazil), Margin Agreement, Marijuana Anonymous, Marin Academy (California), Market America (independent entrepenurial corporation founded by James H Ridinger), Marketing Authorization, Martha Argerich (pianist), Martial Artist (gaming), Mass Analyzer, Master Administrator, Master of Audiology, Masurium (element), Materials, Materials Analyst, Mathematics, MatureAsskickers (gaming clan), Maximum Allowance, Mildly Amused, Mean Average (mathematics), Measurement and Analysis (process area; Capability Maturity Model Integration), Mechanical Advantage (machines), Mechanical Ambush, Mechanical Animals (Marilyn Manson album), MediArchive (website), Medical Administrator, Medical Advisor, Medical Attendant, Medicare Advantage, Mega Annum (one million years, geological chronology), Memory Administration, Mesh Antenna, Message Analysis, Meta Analysis, помощник врача (сокр. от medical assistant), фельдшер (сокр. от medical assistant), Methanandamide, Metropolitan Area Network, Microsoft Access, Middle Assyrian, Military Academy (West Point, NY), Military Aircrew, Military Applications, Military Assistant, MJU Alert (Hekimian), Mini Alert (System Sensor Sounder), Minnehaha Academy (Minneapolis), Minor Actinide, Minor Arterial (State highway Information), Miscible Accounting, Missed Abortion, Missed Appointment, Missed Approach, Mission Assignment, Mission Assurance (Homeland Defense), Mittelalter (German: Middle Ages), Mobile Allocation (PCS - GSM), Mobile Armor (Gundam series), Mobile Service, Mobility Agent, Mobilization Assistant, Molecular Absorption, Moored Alongside, Morbid Angel (band), Morocco (ISO country code, top level domain), Mortuary Affairs, Motorcycling Australia, Motorist Assist, Move Along, Multi-Access, Multi-Alert (system sensor brand name), Multichambered Autoinjector, Multiple Access, Multiple Answer, Multiple Award, Music Ant (online guide for music software), Willys-Overland 1/4 Ton 4 X 4 Truck (1st Model of WWII Jeep), Marketing Authorization - регистрационное удостоверение (РУ)18) Физиология: Medical authorization, Metamorphic Anamorphosis, Moderately Advanced, Muscle Activity19) Электроника: Main Amplifier, Mechanical Advantage, Milliammeter, Multi-channel Analyser20) Вычислительная техника: Management Agent, Massachusetts (US state postal designation)21) Нефть: massive anhydrite, mud acid, анализ ремонтопригодности (maintainability analysis), анализ технического обслуживания (maintainability analysis), глинокислота (mud acid), грязевая кислота (mud acid)22) Фирменный знак: Master Specialties23) Холодильная техника: modified atmosphere24) СМИ: Media Access25) Деловая лексика: Management Action, Marketing And Advertising, магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на двух языках (commercial languages), магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на одном языке (commercial language), магистр гуманитарных наук (Master of Arts), магистр политических и экономических наук (econ.), магистр экономических наук (econ.)26) Бурение: мощная свита ангидритов (massive anhydrite)27) Образование: магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на одном языке/нескольких языках (commercial languages)28) Сетевые технологии: Message Area29) ЕБРР: monitoring adviser30) Полимеры: maleic anhydride31) Контроль качества: maintainability, moving average32) Океанография: Meteorological Applications33) Авиационная медицина: mental addition34) SAP.тех. атрибут мониторинга35) Электротехника: magnetic amplifier36) Имена и фамилии: Martha Anderson (china paintings)37) Фармация: Marketing authorisation38) Общественная организация: Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights39) Должность: Master of Arts, Modern Arts, Multicultural Assistant40) Чат: Mildly Apathetic41) Единицы измерений: Mega Anna, Mega Annum -
18 ma
1) Общая лексика: moving averages2) Компьютерная техника: Maya Ascii3) Медицина: mitral annulus, mitral atresia4) Американизм: Mutual Agreement5) Военный термин: Mediterranean area, Militia Act, Mindless Automaton, Ministry of Aviation, Mission Assessment, Missions Advisor, machine account, maintainability analysis, maintenance, maintenance ability, maintenance actions, maintenance area, manpower administration, manpower allotment, manpower authorization, manual, manufacturing and assembly, map analysis, maritime airfield, marshalling area, material authorization, maximum accuracy, mechanical aptitude, medical assistance, medium altitude, medium artillery, mess attendant, mileage allowance, military academy, military aircraft, military allocations, military assistance, military attache, military aviation, military aviator, missile alert, missile assembly, mission accomplished, mission analysis, mission area, mobilization augmentee, monitoring agency, mountain artillery, multichannel analyzer, muzzle action6) Техника: My Age, maintenance analysis, megampere, memory address, mill annealed, военное обозначение кассет, обозначение для самолётных радиостанций (принятое МСЭ), радиомаяк с вертикальными излучателями7) Химия: Methyl Acrylate, Метилакрилат (Methyl acrylate), метиловый эфир акриловой кислоты8) Математика: скользящее среднее (moving average)9) Метеорология: Middle Air10) Юридический термин: Made And Attempted, Male Adult11) Экономика: ( manager assistant) заместитель управляющего12) География: Массачусетс13) Кино: Suitable for Mature Audiences only14) Металлургия: Matched Angles, metals and alloys15) Политика: Madagascar16) Психология: mental age17) Сокращение: Maritime Administration, Massachusetts (US state), Massachusetts, Medical Assistant (UK Royal Navy), Middle Ages, Military Adviser, Military Assistant (British Army), Military Attache (British Army), Mission Abort, Mobilisation Augmentee, Multi-chambered Auto-injector, master, maximum accuracy range, mental ability, mercury arc, metal anchor, military astronautics, mission assembly, moist air, Master of Arts (degree), Mature Audiences (TV program rating), (USN Rating) Master-At-Arms, MANPRINT Assessment, Maanantai (Finnish: Monday), Machine Accountant (Naval Rating), Madagascar (Malagasy), Magister Artium (Master of Arts), Mai^tre E`s Arts (French: Master of Arts), Main Assist (Everquest), Maintaining Activity, Maintenance Action, Maintenance Administrator, Maintenance Agreement, Maintenance and Adaptation (ATMF), Major Arcana (Lineage 2 game armor set), Makarska, Croatia (license plate), Makeshift Apathy (Michigan music group), Malev Hungarian Airlines Limited - Hungary (IATA airline code), Management Accounts, Management Activity, Management Advocate, Management Agent (metadirectory services), Manitoba, Mannheim, Germany (license plate), Manual (welding), Manual Assist (nursing), Maranhao (Brazil), Margin Agreement, Marijuana Anonymous, Marin Academy (California), Market America (independent entrepenurial corporation founded by James H Ridinger), Marketing Authorization, Martha Argerich (pianist), Martial Artist (gaming), Mass Analyzer, Master Administrator, Master of Audiology, Masurium (element), Materials, Materials Analyst, Mathematics, MatureAsskickers (gaming clan), Maximum Allowance, Mildly Amused, Mean Average (mathematics), Measurement and Analysis (process area; Capability Maturity Model Integration), Mechanical Advantage (machines), Mechanical Ambush, Mechanical Animals (Marilyn Manson album), MediArchive (website), Medical Administrator, Medical Advisor, Medical Attendant, Medicare Advantage, Mega Annum (one million years, geological chronology), Memory Administration, Mesh Antenna, Message Analysis, Meta Analysis, помощник врача (сокр. от medical assistant), фельдшер (сокр. от medical assistant), Methanandamide, Metropolitan Area Network, Microsoft Access, Middle Assyrian, Military Academy (West Point, NY), Military Aircrew, Military Applications, Military Assistant, MJU Alert (Hekimian), Mini Alert (System Sensor Sounder), Minnehaha Academy (Minneapolis), Minor Actinide, Minor Arterial (State highway Information), Miscible Accounting, Missed Abortion, Missed Appointment, Missed Approach, Mission Assignment, Mission Assurance (Homeland Defense), Mittelalter (German: Middle Ages), Mobile Allocation (PCS - GSM), Mobile Armor (Gundam series), Mobile Service, Mobility Agent, Mobilization Assistant, Molecular Absorption, Moored Alongside, Morbid Angel (band), Morocco (ISO country code, top level domain), Mortuary Affairs, Motorcycling Australia, Motorist Assist, Move Along, Multi-Access, Multi-Alert (system sensor brand name), Multichambered Autoinjector, Multiple Access, Multiple Answer, Multiple Award, Music Ant (online guide for music software), Willys-Overland 1/4 Ton 4 X 4 Truck (1st Model of WWII Jeep), Marketing Authorization - регистрационное удостоверение (РУ)18) Физиология: Medical authorization, Metamorphic Anamorphosis, Moderately Advanced, Muscle Activity19) Электроника: Main Amplifier, Mechanical Advantage, Milliammeter, Multi-channel Analyser20) Вычислительная техника: Management Agent, Massachusetts (US state postal designation)21) Нефть: massive anhydrite, mud acid, анализ ремонтопригодности (maintainability analysis), анализ технического обслуживания (maintainability analysis), глинокислота (mud acid), грязевая кислота (mud acid)22) Фирменный знак: Master Specialties23) Холодильная техника: modified atmosphere24) СМИ: Media Access25) Деловая лексика: Management Action, Marketing And Advertising, магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на двух языках (commercial languages), магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на одном языке (commercial language), магистр гуманитарных наук (Master of Arts), магистр политических и экономических наук (econ.), магистр экономических наук (econ.)26) Бурение: мощная свита ангидритов (massive anhydrite)27) Образование: магистр - специалист по коммерческой терминологии на одном языке/нескольких языках (commercial languages)28) Сетевые технологии: Message Area29) ЕБРР: monitoring adviser30) Полимеры: maleic anhydride31) Контроль качества: maintainability, moving average32) Океанография: Meteorological Applications33) Авиационная медицина: mental addition34) SAP.тех. атрибут мониторинга35) Электротехника: magnetic amplifier36) Имена и фамилии: Martha Anderson (china paintings)37) Фармация: Marketing authorisation38) Общественная организация: Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights39) Должность: Master of Arts, Modern Arts, Multicultural Assistant40) Чат: Mildly Apathetic41) Единицы измерений: Mega Anna, Mega Annum -
19 competence-destroying innovation
упр. инновации, разрушающие компетенцию (осуществляемые какой-л. компанией инновации, которые уменьшают ценность ее ключевых компетенций; напр., введение цифровой фотографии сильно обесценивает накопленный опыт в пленочной фотографии; термин ввели Philip Anderson и Michael Tushman в своей статье "Technological Discontinuities and Dominant Designs: A Cyclical Model of Technological Change," Administrative Science Quarterly 35, no. 3, 1990)Ant:Англо-русский экономический словарь > competence-destroying innovation
-
20 приписывать
•Historians trace both ideas to ancient Greeks.
•We ascribe to r(β) and s(α) the values determined at points and , respectively.
•The boundary values are assigned to the term uv.
•The amber was assigned a negative charge.
•Not long ago these diseases were accredited to our dizzy pace of living.
•The increased boron content may be attributed (or ascribed) to the dissolution of the samples.
•A large number of early investigators are credited with the invention of the mercury thermometer.
•If we put it down to chance ( случайности),...
•The same type of structure can be assigned to many other molecules with unsaturated six-member rings.
•The elementary particles can be classified by assigning quantum numbers to each of them.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > приписывать
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